SALTIRSOIL: a simulation model for the mid to long‐term prediction of soil salinity in irrigated agriculture

The SALTIRSOIL model predicts soil salinity, sodicity and alkalinity in irrigated land using basic information on soil, climate, crop, irrigation management and water quality. It extends the concept of the WATSUIT model to include irrigation and crop management practices, advances in the calculation of evapotranspiration and new algorithms for the water stress coefficient and calculation of electrical conductivity. SALTIRSOIL calculates the soil water balance and soil solution concentration over the year. A second module, SALSOLCHEM, calculates the inorganic ion composition of the soil solution at equilibrium with soil calcite and gypsum at the soil’s CO₂ partial pressure. Results from comparing predicted and experimentally determined concentrations, observations and predictions of pH, alkalinity and calcium concentration in calcite‐saturated solutions agree to the second significant figure; in gypsum‐saturated solutions the standard difference between observations and predictions is <3% in absolute values. The algorithms in SALTIRSOIL have been verified and SALSOLCHEM validated for the reliable calculation of soil salinity, sodicity and alkalinity at water saturation in well‐drained irrigated lands. In simulations for horticultural crops in southeast Spain, soil solution concentration factors at water saturation, quotients of electrical conductivity (EC₂₅) at saturation to electrical conductivity in the irrigation water, and quotients of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are very similar to average measured values for the area.     

荷电喷雾改善烟气脱硫效果的机理及试验

为了研究荷电喷雾对湿法烟气脱硫的增益作用,探讨荷电雾滴表面特性、荷电特性及运动特性与传质的关系,采用石灰浆荷电雾化的方法进行了荷电喷雾烟气脱硫试验,获得了不同液气比、Ca/S摩尔比和荷电电压下的烟气脱硫效率.结果表明：脱硫效率随着液气比、Ca/S摩尔比、荷电电压的增大而提高,且提高的趋势都在逐渐变缓,提高幅度最大为10%.高压静电场的存在改善了雾滴的表面吸收特性,增加了雾滴表面Ca2＋的含量;荷电雾滴表面张力的减小降低了气体的传质阻力;雾滴带电及非过剩电荷感应极化作用,增加了雾滴吸收SO2的附加作用力;此外,高压静电作用下的二次雾化减小了雾滴粒径,增大了气液接触的总面积;带有同种电荷雾滴之间的相互排斥,雾滴在脱硫塔内部分布均匀.以上诸因素都有利于烟气脱硫效果的改善.     

脱硫废弃物和专用改良剂在碱化土壤改良中的效果

通过大田试验,研究了添加燃煤脱硫废弃物和几种专用改良剂对碱化土壤性质的变化及其对油葵(Helianthusannuus)生长的影响。结果表明:二者配合施用提高了土壤有机质和养分含量,一定程度上降低了碱化度、pH和全盐含量,使油葵出苗率、株高和产量分别提高了116.7%、19.2%和140.7%以上;3种专用改良剂间,改良剂Ⅲ在提高土壤养分含量和降低碱化度和全盐含量等方面的效果最佳,其增产幅度也最高;改良剂Ⅰ的两个施用时期间,秋施显著提高了有机质、全N和碱解N含量,降低了全盐含量,提高了油葵出苗率和产量;改良剂Ⅰ的3个施用水平间,7.50 t hm-2和11.25 t hm-2的施用量下具有较高的全N和碱解N含量、较低的全盐含量和碱化度以及较高的出苗率、株高和产量。以上结果表明脱硫废弃物和改良剂及其配合施用改善了土壤物理化学性质,且有利于油葵的生长和发育。其中,改良剂Ⅲ的改良效果最佳,但其施用技术有待于进一步的研究。     

Soil amendments and seed priming influence nutrients uptake,soil properties,yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in alkali soils

The effects of soil amendments [i.e., control, gypsum, farmyard manure (FYM), and gypsum?+?FYM] and seed priming (i.e., unprimed, seed soaked in water for 10?hr prior to sowing, and seed soaked in 0.4% gypsum solution for 10?hr prior to sowing) were assessed on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop in alkali soil in northwestern Pakistan. A split plot design was used, keeping priming methods in main plots and soil amendments in sub-plots. The results showed that the effects of soil amendments and seed priming on grain yield, straw yield, harvest index and number of spikes were significant but their interactive effect was non-significant. The highest crop yields and yield index were obtained with gypsum?+?FYM amendments, and seed priming with gypsum solution. The effect on seed emergence, plant height and number of grains per spike was, however, not significant. Grain yield increased by 104% in gypsum?+?FYM treatment over control and by 16.8% with seed primed in water, followed by 8.5% with priming in gypsum solution, as compared to non-priming. The weight of 1000 grains was significantly increased by 35% in gypsum?+?FYM treatment and by 15.8% in gypsum priming. The phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content increased with soil amendments. Soil pH and gypsum requirement reduced significantly with soil amendments. The blend of gypsum and FYM has improved the properties of salt-affected soil and enhanced fertility for optimum production of wheat in addition to the beneficial effect of seed priming in gypsum solution on crop yield. Using these amendments could be ameliorative in removing the adverse effect of the salt-affected soils, rendering the soil a good medium for plant growth.     

3种固沙材料与风沙土复配后土壤改良效应及其质量评价

揭示风沙土复配其他固沙材料后的土壤质量变化及改良效应对研发防沙固沙新材料具有重要的指导意义。以乌兰布和沙漠风沙土为对照(CK),采用粉煤灰、脱硫石膏、牛粪3种固沙材料按干质量比15%,25%与风沙土进行复配,研究了不同材料与配比复配土壤对机械组成、养分含量、金属含量的改良效应,运用最小数据集构建、隶属度计算与土壤质量指数计算等方法评价了复配土壤质量。结果表明：(1)不同复配土壤的机械组成均发生了改变,粉粒、粗砂等难蚀、较难蚀颗粒体积分数增加,易蚀的细砂体积分数降低。(2)除石膏复配土壤各养分指标与CK相近外,其余复配土壤有机碳含量较对照提高1.2～10.4倍,牛粪复配土壤在提高养分含量方面显著高于其他材料;以牛粪和石膏为材料的复配土则分别增加或降低了沙土中的金属含量,而粉煤灰复配土的Cr, As较CK下降。(3)不同复配土对土壤理化性质作用影响各异,粉煤灰在粒径改良方面较优,牛粪在养分提升方面效果显著,石膏在重金属含量降低方面作用明显,粉煤灰石膏混合复配则综合了二者的优势。(4) 3种固沙材料均在不同程度上提高了复配土壤的质量,但复配土壤质量仍处于较低水平。综上,不同复配比例组合中,1...     

不同接触和淋洗时间下脱硫石膏对滨海吹填土理化性质的影响

为改善滨海吹填土的理化性质,加快提升吹填土在城市生态建设中的土地价值,开展脱硫石膏不同接触时间处理对滨海吹填土理化性质影响的试验研究。结果表明:滨海吹填土导水能力极弱,在整个淋洗过程中始终没有淋出液排出,2,5,10,50d脱硫石膏接触处理后土壤饱和导水率分别达到6.21,7.20,7.20,7.65mm/h,显著提升了滨海吹填土的导水能力。2,5,10,50d石膏接触处理分别经220,116,116,196h淋洗后,淋出液盐分均达到0.5dS/m以下,淋洗用水量分别为5.16,3.85,4.21,4.95L。淋洗后,土壤含盐量由处理前6.98dS/m下降到0.28～0.36dS/m,土壤中Cl-、Na+浓度分别由处理前的9.03,4.85g/kg下降到0.05～0.34g/kg和0.01～0.04g/kg,土壤钠吸附比(SAR)以及土壤碱化度(ESP)分别由处理前的27.89和28.15下降到0.18～0.8和0.02～0.28,已经为非碱化土,土壤的各理化指标均得到明显改善。综合各种因素与指标,脱硫石膏与吹填土5d接触处理效果最佳。     

燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物及专用改良剂改良龟裂碱土的效果

施用土壤改良剂是在现代化工业的基础上发展起来的有别于传统土壤改良方法的新方法.本文系统分析了利用脱硫废弃物和专用改良剂对宁夏银北龟裂碱土的改良效应,结果表明:施用脱硫废弃物后土壤pH、碱化度降幅很大,容重、机械组成、有机质、养分等理化性状略有改善,加入施用脱硫废弃物和专用改良剂后,土壤容重降低约10%,粘粒含量减少,粉粒、砂粒含量增加;土壤有机质和养分含量、产量都大幅度增加,但考虑改良剂原料费用后则以脱硫废弃物和改良剂Ⅱ配合施用最终经济效益最大.所以该改良剂可以有效改良龟裂碱土.     

保护地盐碱化土壤石膏改良的应用技术

介绍了石膏应用于保护地盐碱化土壤改良的原理与方法,内容包括石膏作用机制、石膏改良操作方法和土壤改良后的管理等,以期减轻保护地土壤盐碱化对作物生长的胁迫,指导生产实践。     

脱硫石膏对次生碱化盐土的改良效果

由于土壤碱化引起物理性质恶化限制了土壤盐分淋洗,降低土壤交换性钠含量,提高土壤入渗率是决定碱化盐土能否改良成功的关键。通过油葵田间试验,探讨了脱硫石膏不同施用量(0、11.25、22.5、33.75、45 t/hm2)对次生碱化盐土的改良效果。结果表明:施用脱硫石膏可有效降低次生碱化盐土pH值、碱化度和总碱度,提高土壤入渗率,促进盐分离子淋洗。当脱硫石膏的施用量为11.25 t/hm2时,土壤pH值、碱化度和总碱度降低至8.20、7.66%和0.12 cmol/kg,并低于土壤发生碱化的临界指标,油葵成熟期株高、根长、单株干质量和产量分别达到74 cm、18.6 cm、57.6 g和1 077.0 kg/hm2。脱硫石膏改良效果和其用量不呈正相关,脱硫石膏过量可增加土壤可溶性全盐含量,抑制油葵生长发育。脱硫石膏中的Hg、Pb、Cr、Cd等重金属元素含量低于我国相关标准要求及试验田土壤背景值,施用脱硫石膏不会引起土壤重金属元素总量变化。