Dietary mannitol increased the absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats

The effect of mannitol on bone‐related mineral absorption and retention and the mechanism was investigated in this study. Fourteen 8‐week‐old male Wistar rats in experiment 1 and same number and age cecectomized Wistar male rats in experiment 2 were divided into two subgroups of seven animals, respectively, fed diets containing 0 or 4% mannitol for 28 days. Mineral balance tests were determined twice during days 8–12 and days 22–26, and the rats were slaughtered on day 28 both in experiment 1 and experiment 2. The whole caecum and colon were collected with the content to analyse tissue weight, content weight, content's pH and moisture, organic acids' concentration and mineral levels. In experiment 1, Ca absorption and retention and Mg absorption were significantly increased by mannitol feeding during days 8–12. Caecal total weight, tissue weight and content weight were increased, the pH of caecum and colon was reduced, and the concentrations of caecal short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were modified by mannitol feeding. In experiment 2, during days 8–12 and days 22–26, Ca absorption and retention were significantly lowered by mannitol feeding in cecectomized rats; however, mannitol feeding decreased Mg absorption during days 8–12, but did not impact Mg retention. Colonic total weight, tissue weight and content weight were significantly increased, and colonic pH was reduced by mannitol feeding. In conclusion, dietary mannitol increased the absorption of Ca and Mg and the caecum markedly contributed to this promoting effect of mannitol.     

镁铝双氢氧化物和镁铁铝改性蒙脱土去除水体中磷的吸附效果研究

通过间歇式批实验和动力学实验研究了不同pH条件下磷酸盐在镁铝双氢氧化物（Mg-Al-LDH）、钠基膨润土（Na-Mt）及镁铁铝改性膨润土（Mg-Al-Mt、Fe-Mt和Fe-Al-Mt）的吸附特征。结果表明,在pH4.5～9.0范围内,随着pH的升高,Na-Mt,Fe-Mt和Fe-Al-Mt3种矿物对磷的吸附率相应减少,镁铝双氢氧化物对磷的吸附率有所增加;Mg-Al-LDH、Fe-Mt和Fe-Al-Mt的对磷吸附率约为95%,比Mg-Al-Mt高40%,比Na-Mt高80%。用Langmuir方程描述磷的等温吸附过程,最大吸附容量（Qm）大小顺序为Fe-Al-Mt〉Fe-Mt〉Mg-Al-LDH〉Mg-Al-Mt〉Na-Mt,b值大小依次为Mg-Al-LDH〉Fe-Mt〉Fe-Al-Mt〉Mg-Al-Mt〉Na-Mt,最大缓冲容量（Qmb）以Mg-Al-LDH的为最大,Na-Mt的为最小;Freundlich等温吸附方程参数KF代表相对吸附容量,以Mg-Al-LDH的KF值最高,依次是Fe-Mt、Fe-Al-Mt和Mg-Al-Mt,Na-Mt的KF值最小,这与Qmb的结果一致;决定系数（R2）表明,Langmuir等温吸附方程能更好地拟合铁改性蒙脱土和铁铝改性蒙脱土,而Freundlich方程对钠蒙脱土,双氢氧化物和镁铝改性蒙脱土的拟合效果要好。磷酸盐吸附过程分为快反应和慢反应,用动力学实验数据进行拟合,准二级动力学方程能够更好的拟合改性蒙脱土和Mg-Al-LDH对磷的动力学吸附数据,其决定系数为0.999;Elovich方程拟合改性蒙脱土磷酸盐的吸附数据也有很好的相关性（R2为0.89～0.94）。Na-Mt矿物磷酸盐的吸附用抛物线扩散方程描述最为合适,原因可能是磷酸盐镶嵌在矿物层间是一个扩散过程,不涉及化学吸附过程。     

石灰性土壤交换性钙和镁测定方法的研究

石灰性土壤交换性盐基组成的测定,通行的方法是采用70%乙醇溶液反复洗盐,再经pH 8.50.1 mol L-1氯化铵-70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液进行多次交换处理,测定交换液中的K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度。但此方法常常受操作步骤繁琐,以及土壤中碳酸盐的溶解量因多次浸提而增加的困扰,最终导致测定结果偏高。基于上述原因,选择不同浓度、不同pH的NH4OAc和NH4Cl 10种交换剂,对比分析10种交换剂中的碳酸盐溶解度和土壤交换性钙镁含量。结果表明,pH=8.5 1 mol L-1氯化铵-70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液较适合石灰性土壤交换性盐基的测定。此新方法是先经70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液洗盐,再用pH8.5 1 mol L-1氯化铵(NH4Cl)-70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液进行一次性交换处理,然后测定交换液的K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度,简化了操作程序的同时有效抑制了土壤碳酸盐的溶解,降低了测定结果的偏差。     

棉纤维生物炭对稻田土壤及水稻Cd含量的影响

为生物炭应用于农田Cd污染的控制及治理提供相关科学依据,研究通过根箱试验,研究棉纤维生物炭对水稻根际和非根际土壤可交换态和不可交换态Cd含量及水稻植株中Cd分配的影响。研究表明:随着棉纤维生物炭的施用量增加,根际和非根际土壤可交换态Cd含量都呈下降趋势,同时不可交换态Cd含量都呈上升趋势。随着棉纤维生物炭的施用量增加,非根际土壤pH值呈逐渐上升趋势。非根际土壤pH值与可交换态Cd含量之间存在显著负相关关系,与不可交换态Cd含量之间存在显著正相关关系。可见,施用棉纤维生物炭可在一定程度上提高非根际土壤pH值,进一步降低了非根际土壤可交换态Cd含量;而根际土壤可交换态Cd含量的下降,主要受棉纤维生物炭的理化性质影响,受土壤pH值影响不大。随着棉纤维生物炭的施用量的增加,水稻各部位Cd含量及累积量都呈现下降趋势,其中籽粒Cd含量的下降幅度最大,为36.57%,根的Cd含量的下降幅度最小,为12.56%。由于茎鞘的生物量和Cd含量都较大,茎鞘中Cd累积量最高,平均为25.44μg plant^-1,是籽粒的2.85倍。因此,在进行农田土壤Cd修复的同时,除了要关注农产品Cd污染,还要考虑如何妥善处理大量的富集Cd的农业废弃物,避免产生二次污染风险。     

两种不同镁盐在牛粪堆肥高温期的保氮效果研究

利用恒温培养箱模拟堆肥高温期,添加硫酸镁、磷酸二氢钾和含镁废渣,研究磷酸铵镁(MAP)反应中各成分的保氮效果以及含镁废渣作为堆肥过程中氮素固定剂的可行性。结果表明:添加镁盐固定剂显著降低了堆体中的pH值,减少了氮素损失。同时添加硫酸镁和磷酸二氢钾的保氮效果最佳,添加相同比例的含镁废渣和硫酸镁的保氮效果无显著差别。含镁废渣添加量的保氮效果与其添加量成正相关,添加质量比为2%、4%、8%的含镁废渣的保氮率分别为6.15%、10.13%、19.51%。添加镁盐会提高堆体中的EC值,降低GI值,各处理均可达到腐熟。说明可以利用镁盐作为堆肥保氮固定剂,而含镁废渣因其价格低廉,更具应用前景。     

Exchangeable potassium and potassium balances in organic crop rotations on a coarse sand

Abstract. Crops on sandy soils (<5% clay) are exposed to K deficiency due to the small release and high leaching losses of K. Reliable tools are needed to improve the K management in cropping systems with limited K input, such as organic farming where import of nutrients are restricted according to the EC regulations. We investigated K balances and exchangeable K (K_exch) changes in an organic crop rotation experiment. Potassium leaching decreased from 42 kg ha⁻¹ in 1998/99 to 21 kg ha⁻¹ in 2000/01 as an average of a crop rotation (spring barley, grass-clover, winter wheat and pea/barley) with manure application and without catch crops. In the same period, spring K_exch decreased from 5.0 to 3.0 mg K 100 g soil⁻¹ (0–20 cm). The retention of the straw K left in the field after harvest increased with decreasing levels of K_exch. The cereal crops did not respond to K application but in the pea/barley mixture the pea yield increased by 46%. The concordance between measured K balances and changes in K_exch was weak. Exchangeable K is suitable as a tool for K management on a rotational basis, and a K_exch above 3 mg 100 g soil⁻¹ in the autumn should be avoided to minimize K leaching.     

施用10%草甘膦水剂对土壤盐碱化的影响

通过室内盆栽模拟试验,研究了10%草甘膦水剂在5种浓度下对土壤盐碱化的影响。结果表明,施药后,土壤的盐碱度(用电导率表示),钠碱化度(ESP),钠吸附比(SAR),总碱度及pH值都明显增大,且随施药次数的增加,上述各项盐碱化指标都不断的增大。虽然土壤各项盐碱化指标的变化还在非盐渍土范围内,但有盐碱化的趋势。     

钾镁配施对杨梅品质和矿质营养的影响

为提升杨梅产量及品质,分析了钾镁不同配施比例对杨梅果实品质及营养元素的变化特点。结果显示,株施单钾肥1.0 kg,可显著提高杨梅果实单果重、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖及Vc含量,分别比对照组提高17.43%、11.48%、13.23%及19.96%,果实中矿质养分钾、磷、铁含量显著提高;株施单镁肥0.3 kg,可显著提高杨梅果实单果重、可溶性固形物、总糖及Vc含量,分别比对照组提高13.24%、9.60%、10.89%及15.70%;株施镁钾混合配施比例为0.2/0.75 kg时,可显著提高杨梅果实产量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖及硬度,果实中钾、铁含量显著提高。本研究可为提升杨梅品质的配方施肥技术方案提供依据。     

不同Mg肥种类对烤烟产量、质量、产值的影响

 不同种类的Mg肥对烤烟产量、外观质量影响不显著。但是仍有一定的增产、增值效果。磷酸铵镁对增加烟叶含Mg率、改善吸食品质有较好效果,其次是硫酸镁和氯化镁,蛇纹石肥效缓慢。不施用Mg肥烟叶产、质量都是最差的。