Getting cosy in freshwater: Assumed to be brackish pike are not so brackish after all

Pike (Esox lucius) occupy coastal streams and rivers of the Baltic Sea, where they attain large sizes (>5 kg). These large sizes are perhaps due to the fact that they can tolerate relatively high salinities and can thus forage in the nearby more productive brackish environments. In an attempt to quantify the extent to which pike utilise brackish environments, and to provide some insight into the underlying causes for brackish water migrations, we tagged 30 pike from a western Baltic river with acoustic transmitters and were able to track 21 individuals for 1 year. Based on experienced from local anglers, this population was assumed to be brackish in nature, where individuals underwent freshwater migrations to spawn. Our findings however suggest that the smallest and most active individuals make short exits into brackish waters and do so on rare occasions. Our results further indicate that neither sex nor size is related to activity level. We suggest that these patterns reflect two distinct behaviours—active and passive—and that large pike can be supported by the food availability in the river, without the need to venture into coastal zones, thus defying the conventional view that Baltic pike are all brackish in nature.     

Turbidity‐induced changes in emergent effects of multiple predators with different foraging strategies

Abstract – In natural systems, prey frequently interact with multiple predators and the outcome often cannot be predicted by summing the effects of individual predator species. Multiple predator interactions can create emergent effects for prey, but how those change across environmental gradients is poorly understood. Turbidity is an environmental factor in aquatic systems that may influence multiple predator effects on prey. Interactions between a cruising predator (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides) and an ambush predator (muskellunge Esox masquinongy) and their combination foraging on a shared prey (bluegill Lepomis macrochirus) were examined across a turbidity gradient. Turbidity modified multiple predator effects on prey. In clear water, combined predators consumed in total more prey than expected from individual predator treatments, suggesting risk enhancement for prey. In moderately turbid water, the predators consumed fewer prey together than expected, suggesting a risk reduction for prey. At high turbidity, there were no apparent emergent effects; however, the cruising predator consumed more prey than the ambush predator, suggesting an advantage for this predator. Understanding multiple predator traits across a gradient of turbidity increases our understanding of how complex natural systems function.     

不同饥饿时间对白斑狗鱼恢复投喂期间生长性能的影响

在水温22~26℃条件下,研究了在不同饥饿时间处理后再投喂对白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius)生长性能的影响,试验设置饥饿14、21、28、35、42 d组和正常投喂对照组,各组饥饿结束后恢复正常投饵,在投喂后以7 d为一个生长阶段,比较各处理组的增重率、特定生长率、摄食率、饲料系数,试验周期为56 d。结果显示,随着饥饿时间的延长,白斑狗鱼的总体重损失率呈逐渐升高的趋势,而各饥饿阶段体重损失率呈下降的趋势;各饥饿处理组恢复投喂后的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且随饥饿时间的延长而逐渐升高,但在恢复投喂后的第35天,S14组(饥饿14 d组)与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05);各饥饿处理组恢复投喂后的摄食率随饥饿时间的延长而显著性升高(P<0.05);饵料系数随饥饿时间的延长而逐渐下降,其中在第14天时,S42组(饥饿42 d组)的饵料系数显著高于其他饥饿处理组(P<0.05),与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。在同一饥饿处理组,随着投喂时间的延长,增重率、特定生长率和摄食率均呈显著性下降的趋势(P<0.05),饵料系数呈升高的趋势,其中S14组在第35天时恢复到对照组水平。结果表明:摄食率升高和饵料系数下降是饥饿再投喂白斑狗鱼增重率显著上升的原因,且这种生长倾向随着恢复投喂时间的延长而不断减弱。     

温度对白斑狗鱼胚胎发育的影响

研究了不同梯度的孵化温度对白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius)胚胎发育的影响,并对其孵化率和畸形率等指标进行了统计分析。结果显示:在各温度梯度组中,16℃温度组的孵化率和正常仔鱼孵出率均最高,分别为61.5%和59.75%,其次为14℃温度组,其孵化率和正常仔鱼孵出率分别为59.75%和56.25%;白斑狗鱼胚胎发育的适温范围为14~16℃;水温和发育时间呈显著负线性相关,其相关方程为:Y=-20.133X+469.8,R2=0.9678;在8~18℃范围,总积温为2130.19~2825.96℃.h。     

黑斑狗鱼形态性状对体重的影响效果分析

选取0^＋龄～4^＋龄黑斑狗鱼332尾,对其体长、体高、体宽、尾柄长、尾柄高、头长、头高、头宽、吻长、眼间距、口裂宽、口裂长和体重等13个性状进行测量。采用多元分析法分析体重和形态形状的关系。结果表明,黑斑狗鱼除0^＋龄头长与体重之间的相关系数未达到显著水平（P〉0．05）外,其它各形态性状与体重的相关系数均达到显著水平（P〈0．05）或极显著水平（P〈0．01）;经通径分析,不同年龄阶段各形态性状对体重的通径系数存在一定的差异,但体长和头高对体重的通径系数均达到显著水平,而且体长对体重的直接作用均最大,其余各性状均是通过体长间接的影响体重;决定系数分析结果表明,体长对体重的决定系数最大,其它性状主要通过体长影响体重;通径分析结果与决定系数分析结果的变化趋势一致;所选形态性状与体重的相关指数R2〉0．85,说明所选性状是影响体重的主要性状。应用逐步多元回归分析,经偏回归系数的显著性检验,建立以体重为因变量（Y）,各形态性状为自变量的多元回归方程,0^＋龄～4^＋龄黑斑狗鱼体重（Y）与形态性状参数的多元叵归方程分别为：LgY=-1．411＋0．395LgX8＋0．576LgX1＋0．092LgX1n＋0．538LgX7＋0．35LgX6;LgY=-4．132＋0．866LgX1＋0．102LgX】2＋0．083LgX7;LgY=一4．186＋0．772LgX1＋0．195LgX7;LgY=-2．542＋0．372LgX1＋0．185LgX3＋0．256LgX8＋0．23LgX7,;LgY=-4．585＋0．816LgX1＋0．178LgX7。经回归预测估计值与实际值间的差异不显著（P〉0．05）,该方程可用于黑斑狗鱼实际生产中,为黑斑狗鱼选种提供了理论依据和理想的测量指标。     

Changing of fat content and fatty acid profile of reared pike (Esox lucius) fed two different diets

Fat content and fatty acid profile of two pike yearling groups grown on two different diets were compared. The groups originated from culture on artificial feed. One group (cultured pike fed first pellet then prey‐fish (PF)) was fed with natural food, live prey‐fish, while the other one (cultured pike fed exclusively pellet (PP)) by trout feed through a 3‐month experimental period. Growth of pike was lower with PP than with PF. The trout feed resulted in an increase of the fat content of fillet and the formation of abdominal fat depots. Feeding of natural food decreased the fat content. The proportion of the saturated fatty acids in fillet was higher in the (PF) group. The n‐6 fatty acids (arachidonic C20:4n‐6 and docosatetraenic C22:4n‐6 acids) were lowest in PP‐fed pike. Regarding total n‐3 fatty acids ratio there was no significant difference between the groups, but the level of α‐linolenic (C:18:3n‐3) acid showed significant difference among groups.     

黑龙江茴鱼(Thymallus arcticus grubei Dybowski)精子活力的观察

用BSS和水两种激活剂对黑龙江茴鱼精子活力进行测定,并在4℃和14℃(室温)条件下,对精原液和用ASP稀释的精液分别进行保存试验.试验结果显示,用BSS和水均可激活黑龙江茴鱼精子,其精子活率分别可达100%和98%.14℃条件下,用BSS激活黑龙江茴鱼精子平均寿命为72.1s,A级(快速)运动时间平均为14.1s;用水激活精子平均寿命为67.2s,A级运动时间平均为12.5s.不同温度保存的精子寿命和快速运动时间也有显著差异:精原液4℃保存2h后精子失去A级运动,其激活率在70%以上,保存6h后激活率小于20%;精原液14℃保存1.5h后精子失去A级运动,其激活率大于70%,4h后激活率小于20%.经ASP(pH分别为7.0、7.8、8.0、8.5、9.0)稀释的精液,在4℃和14℃条件下,BSS和water对精子的激活率均小于20%,且精子均呈现C、D级运动,1.5h后各保存组激活率为0.试验结果表明,BSS对黑龙江茴鱼的精子有良好的激活效果;精原液4℃保存效果好于14℃,在4℃保存条件下2h以内使用,可以得到理想的结果;精液不宜用ASP稀释保存.     

黑龙江茴鱼胚胎的发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的生长

采用Bouin氏液固定、剥离卵膜的方法对黑龙江茴鱼(Thymallus arcticus grubei Dybowski)的胚胎发育及孵出后仔鱼卵黄囊的吸收情况进行了观察,同时测定65日龄内的仔、稚、幼鱼生长状况。结果显示:黑龙江茴鱼卵是典型的端黄卵,其卵裂方式为盘状卵裂。胚胎发育可分为22个期,包括受精卵、2细胞期、4细胞期、8细胞期、16细胞期、32细胞期、64细胞期、多细胞期、囊胚早期、囊胚中期、囊胚晚期、原肠早期、原肠中期、原肠晚期、神经胚期、胚孔封闭期、眼囊出现期、胸鳍芽出现期、晶体出现期、眼色素沉积期、循环期和出膜期,至发眼(晶体出现期)需75.84℃.d,至破膜需117℃.d;受精卵膜较鲑科鱼类薄而柔软,胚体头尾绕卵黄囊超过一周,晶体出现在眼色素沉积期之前;仔鱼卵黄囊的体积随着日龄的增加而逐渐减小,4日龄前吸收较快,此后吸收相对较慢;仔鱼在240℃.d(11日龄)左右时出现鳔并开始上浮,260℃.d(16日龄)左右时开口;积温达到346.9℃.d(20日龄)时卵黄囊完全被吸收,仔鱼期结束,进入稚鱼期;稚鱼在36日龄之前生长相对较缓慢,在36日龄后增长较快;在积温达到546.3℃.d(38日龄)时,稚鱼奇鳍褶开始退化,进入幼鱼期。     

新疆额尔齐斯河流域白斑狗鱼的染色体核型分析

采用PHA和秋水仙素胸腔体内注射法,以头肾组织为材料,低渗-空气干燥法制片,对取自新疆额尔齐斯河流域白斑狗鱼的染色体核型进行了分析。经对5尾白斑狗鱼的45个中期分裂相进行显微分析和测量,结果显示:白斑狗鱼的25对染色体均为端部着丝粒染色体,其核型公式为2n=50 t,NF=50。白斑狗鱼染色体大小的绝对值为0.96~1.36μm,平均长度为1.20μm。25对染色体相对长度大小依次递减,大小差异较显著,平均值为5.68。目前,对新疆额尔齐斯白斑狗鱼的染色体组型研究尚未见报道。     

碳酸盐碱度对达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼耗氧率、氨氮排泄和排氨基因表达的影响

采用封闭流水式呼吸室法,研究了不同浓度碳酸盐碱度(以下简称CA,10、30、50、70、90、110 mmol/L)对体质量为(84.62±6.70)g的达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼耗氧率、氨氮排泄率、血氨含量及排氨基因Rh家族(Rhag、Rhbg、Rhcg1和Rhcg2)在鳃组织中表达量的影响。结果表明,随着碱度的升高,瓦氏雅罗鱼的耗氧率和排氨率均表现为先下降后上升的趋势,且都显著低于对照组(P0.05)。在CA90时,耗氧率和排氨率均达到最低值,表明CA90可能是达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼所能承受的最大碱度胁迫。相反,随着碱度的升高,瓦氏雅罗鱼的血氨含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在CA90时达到峰值。然而在CA0~50时,瓦氏雅罗鱼血氨含量无显著差异(P0.05),表明达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼进化出特殊的排氨机制,使其体内能够保持较低的氨氮含量以此规避氨中毒。定量PCR显示,参与氨转运的4种Rh基因在不同碱度处理组均有不同程度的上调表达;其中Rhcg1和Rhcg2在高碱度(CA110)最为显著(P0.05),表明Rhcg1和Rhcg2可能在达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼高碱胁迫下的排氨过程中发挥重要作用。能量代谢研究(O∶N)发现,在CA0~70时,雅罗鱼无需消耗过多能源物质即可实现高碱度胁迫下的能量需求;而在碱度为90~110时,则主要消耗脂肪和碳水化合物供能,减少蛋白质耗能,以此降低毒氨的产生。依据上述研究结果,深入探讨了达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼在高碱胁迫下的排氨策略及其可能的生理和分子机制,为推动达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼在不同类型盐碱水域的增养殖提供科学依据。