校园环境噪声监测与评价--以华中师范大学为例

环境噪声是环境质量评价的重要指标。通过噪声监测实验,记录了华中师范大学校园内的噪声污染数据,根据国家标准评估了校园环境噪声状况。试验采用网络剖分法,分别于昼间7:30~10:00和夜间22:00~22:55两个时间段对等效声级进行了测定。实验结果表明:昼间噪声污染更为严重,平均噪声超标率达到26%,夜间噪声污染相对较轻,但噪声超标率也达到19%。校园内不同功能区的噪声来源不同,工程施工产生的噪声是主要的污染源,影响比重达到58%。根据实验结果,校园声环境质量一般,需要对现状提出合理的改进建议。     

Public perceptions of ecosystem services and preferences for design scenarios of the flooded bank along the Three Gorges Reservoir: Implications for sustainable management of novel ecosystems

The newly formed extensive flooded land associated with the Three Gorges Reservoir hold great potentials to provide ecosystem services (ESs) for surrounding cities and communities. Conflicting values and conventional management strategies may complicate and inhibit broad-scale decision-making for this novel ecosystem. Public attitudes are a crucial influence in the way this process plays out. This study was conducted to assess how the reservoir bank is perceived by the general public of Chongqing Municipality in terms of importance of riparian ESs, and preference for corresponding landscape design styles through photo-questionnaire interviewing. Although Chongqing citizens know little of the “ecosystem services” concept, they do recognise riparian environmental and ecological benefits especially the bank protection and pollution interception functions, while benefits of habitats for wildlife and flood attenuation were of less concern. Recreational values were least appreciated, which is inconsistent with other studies. This may be attributed to a wider, intensive environmental education in various social media in today’s China. But publicity has been dominated by toxic air, water and soil pollution control rather than the benefits of nature conservation and personal contact with nature. In line with recognition of ESs, there is quite strong preference for the forested design scenario and particularly vegetation components across the socio-demographic spectrum. Overall, socio-demographic variables have very low explanatory power for the perceptual responses. Our study also revealed misunderstandings around riparian functions and a gap between public expectations and special abiotic and biotic prerequisites in restoring novel ecosystems. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this research to urban novel ecosystems in general, and implications for raising public awareness, engaging appropriate public values in sustainable design and management of such ecosystems.     

围场县马铃薯中典型药物污染特征及健康风险评价

为掌握典型药物在农作物中的污染特征及健康风险,保障农产品质量安全,利用超声萃取-固相萃取-高效液相色谱/串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术,对围场县全县马铃薯中5大类(磺胺类、四环素类、氟喹诺酮类、大环内酯类及其他类)25种药物污染水平及富集效果进行了调查,并对健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,有20种目标物被检出,不同目标物检出率差异显著,检出含量范围为0.13～3.67μg·kg-1,单种污染物最高检出含量为17.0μg·kg-1。马铃薯对目标污染物的富集系数范围在0.01～39.6之间,最大富集系数为61.8。畜禽粪便是马铃薯中药物残留的主要来源,尽管整体检出水平和健康风险相对较低,但长期摄入与协同作用引发的潜在健康风险不容忽视。因此,仍需严控污染源头,推进畜禽粪便安全资源化利用,确保农田环境质量及农产品安全品质。     

浙江省油菜花期降水量风险评估

对浙江省66个县市(区)1971—2014年油菜花期降水量及油菜产量资料进行统计分析,并基于信息扩散的风险评估模型,对浙江省油菜花期降水量在各级降水量下的超越概率进行计算分析,评估各地油菜花期面临的旱涝风险;同时分析了浙江省油菜花期各级降水量风险值与油菜产量变化之间的关系。结果表明:油菜花期降水量严重过剩的风险高值区主要位于浙西南地区,降水量短缺风险高值区主要位于浙江省沿海岛屿及宁波的部分县市;浙江省油菜花期降水量短缺基本可以通过灌溉得到改善,但油菜减产与花期降水量过多显著相关,油菜花期降水量300 mm是油菜是否减产的阈值。该结果可为油菜种植合理布局及农业保险政策提供科学依据。     

几种分析方法对杂种棉后代综合评价的比较研究

为了明确几种分析方法对杂种棉后代综合评价的异同，于2002-2003年通过聚类分析、关联度分析以及多目标综合值评定分析原理对10个杂种棉后代在不同生态点的主要农艺及经济性状进行了分析．结果表明：3种分析方法对杂种棉后代的综合评价趋势基本上一致．从纤维品质来看，以湘Z-010，湘Z-004，湘Z-008，湘Z-007纤维品质较好．从产量性状来考虑，以湘Z-001，湘Z-002，湘Z-004产量较高．从湖南定位50-60支纱区划方针和产量性状来看，以湘Z-004表现最好，属于高产优质品种．     

草地类型梯度分析

紫泥泉地区位于天山北坡低山带，具有代表性的冬春秋放牧场。本文应用数量分类（ＴＷＩＮＳＰＡＮ）、排序（ＤＣＡ）和回归分析方法研究了草地类型的分类及其分布的梯度规律。研究结果表明：该地区的草地类型按传统分类划分出１８个型，ＴＷＩＮＳＰＡＮ分类结合ＤＣＡ排序归纳出８个型，其中６个型为地带性草地类型，２个型为非地带性草池类型；地带性草地类型沿水热梯度分布，非地带性草地类型沿质地梯度分布。     

制材车间环境噪声的研究

通过对１３个制材车间车间环境噪声的测试分析，揭示了制材车间环境噪声的现状和特性，车间噪声严重超标，其声压级较高值出现在１￣１６ｋＨｚ频带范围内，根据测试分析结果，提出了降低制材车间环境噪声的途径。     

The influence of sampling scheme and interpolation method on the power to detect spatial effects of forest birds in Ontario (Canada)

Spatial ecology is becoming an increasingly important component of resource management, and the general monitoring of how human activities affect the distribution and abundance of wildlife. Yet most work on the reliability of sampling strategies is based on a non-spatial analysis of variance paradigm, and little work has been done assessing the power of alternative spatial methods for creating reliable maps of animal abundance. Such a map forms a critical response variable for multiple scale studies relating landscape structure to biotic function. The power to reconstruct patterns of distribution and abundance is influenced by sample placement strategy and density, the nature of spatial auto-correlation among points, and by the technique used to extrapolate points into an animal abundance map. Faced with uncertainty concerning the influence of these factors, we chose to first synthesize a model reference system of known properties and then evaluate the relative performance of alternative sampling and mapping procedures using it. We used published habitat associations of tree nesting boreal neo-tropical birds, a classified habitat map from the Manitou Lakes area of northwestern Ontario, and point count means and variances determined from field studies in boreal Canada to create 4 simulated models of avian abundance to function as reference maps. Four point sampling strategies were evaluated by 4 spatial mapping methods. We found mixed-cluster sampling to be an effective point sampling strategy, particularly when high habitat fragmentation was avoided by restricting samples to habitat patches >10 ha in size. We also found that of the 4 mapping methods, only stratified ordinary point kriging (OPK) was able to generate maps that reproduced an embedded landscape-scale spatial effect that reduced nesting bird abundance in areas of higher forest age-class fragmentation. Global OPK was effective only for detecting broader, regional-scale differences. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.