奶牛肢蹄病的原因及防治措施

奶牛体重大,肢蹄部作为奶牛日常活动的重要支撑器官,容易发生变形、跛行和蹄裂等。笔者结合自身工作经验,从季节、营养、生产、管理因素分析奶牛肢蹄病的发病原因,对养殖场常见的腐蹄病、蹄叶炎和局限性蹄皮炎临床症状进行概述,并总结了奶牛肢蹄病的局部和全身治疗方案,提出科学选址和建场、制定护蹄保健制度、合理搭配营养和定期进行药浴4种预防肢蹄病的措施,供同行交流参考。     

山西省芦笋木蠹蛾加重发生原因分析与防治对策

随着芦笋产业的发展,芦笋木蠹蛾在山西省危害面积不断扩大,危害程度日趋加重,已成为芦笋产业持续发展的重要障碍因素。为了确保山西省芦笋产业的正常发展,在连续3年观察研究,基本摸清芦笋木蠹蛾在山西的发生消长规律的基础上,对其加重发生原因进行了深入分析,并提出以“扒茧灭蛹、捕捉诱杀成虫、刨土杀虫、留诱集作物”等为主的一套芦笋木蠹蛾无害化防治技术。     

畜产品中兽药残留原因及危害

在畜禽饲养管理过程中使用违禁药物或滥用药物,使用饲料添加剂或超量用药,不遵守休药期规定等均可引起畜产品兽药残留。同时饲养环境遭到污染也能致使药物残留,并且我国关于食品安全的法律法规不健全、监管力度不够等,致使畜产品中药物残留问题更加严重。人体摄入存在药物残留的食品后,不仅会引起急性、慢性或蓄积性中毒,还会致使机体细菌产生耐药性,甚至污染整个生活环境等。     

三棱栎种子特性与其致濒关系初步分析

三棱栎是云南特有种,国家二级保护植物,主要分布在澜沧、沧源、孟连、西盟、勐腊等县.研究表明,其萌发温度在20～35℃范围内,萌发率在5.3%～9.1%之间.4个不同分布地和8种温度条件下萌发率差异不显著.本文认为三棱栎濒危的主要原因是:(1)三棱栎果实结实率低;(2)果实的特殊形状,不利于传播;(3)幼苗缺乏竞争力.针对三棱栎的濒危现状和原因,提出了三棱栎的一些保护措施.     

Relating tradable credits for biodiversity to sustainability criteria in a dynamic landscape

Tradable biodiversity credit systems provide flexible means to resolve conflicts between development and conservation land-use options for habitats occupied by threatened or endangered species. We describe an approach to incorporate the influence of habitat fragmentation into the conservation value of tradable credits. Habitat fragmentation decreases gene flow, increases rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, and increases probabilities of patch extinction. Importantly, tradable credit systems will change the level of fragmentation over time for small and/or declining populations. We apply landscape equivalency analysis (LEA), a generalizable, landscape-scale accounting system that assigns conservation value to habitat patches based on patch contributions to abundance and genetic variance at landscape scales. By evaluating habitat trades using two models that vary the relationship between dispersal behaviors and landscape patterns, we show that LEA provides a novel method for limiting access to habitat at the landscape-scale, recognizing that the appropriate amount of migration needed to supplement patch recruitment and to offset drift and inbreeding will vary as landscape pattern changes over time. We also found that decisions based on probabilities of persistence alone would ignore changes in migration, genetic drift, and patch extinction that result from habitat trades. The general principle of LEA is that habitat patches traded should make at least equivalent contributions to rates of recruitment and migration estimated at a landscape scale. Traditional approaches for assessing the “take” and “jeopardy” standards under the Endangered Species Act based on changes in abundance and probability of persistence may be inadequate to prevent trades that increase fragmentation.     

珍稀濒危植物柄扁桃的花部特征比较研究

通过对2种柄扁桃花(白花和粉花)花部特征比较研究.结果表明:2种类型的花在花冠直径、花瓣长度、柱头高度等方面存在差异,而且白花的单花花粉量,花粉/胚珠比率(P/O)少于粉花.另外,白花的花粉活力和柱头可授性显著高于粉花(P0.05).     

珍惜植物桃儿七濒危原因及保护措施研究

阐述了桃儿七的生存现状,针对其濒危原因,提出了具体的保护途径,为合理开发利用桃儿七资源提供依据.     

玛纳斯河洪峰周期分析

玛纳斯河是新疆境内最大的一条内陆河,多年平均年径流量13.1亿m^3,是玛纳斯河流域和绿洲生产生活的主要水源。利用玛纳斯河肯斯瓦特水文站50年水文观测资料分析洪水成因,对洪峰、径流量等洪水特征进行数理统计,结合气温、降水等影响洪水的因素,得到洪水变化特点,推断玛纳斯河洪峰周期,为水利工程规划设计、防洪抗旱提供参考依据。     

Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates

Population size is a major determinant of extinction risk. However, controversy remains as to how large populations need to be to ensure persistence. It is generally believed that minimum viable population sizes (MVPs) would be highly specific, depending on the environmental and life history characteristics of the species. We used population viability analysis to estimate MVPs for 102 species. We define a minimum viable population size as one with a 99% probability of persistence for 40 generations. The models are comprehensive and include age-structure, catastrophes, demographic stochasticity, environmental stochasticity, and inbreeding depression. The mean and median estimates of MVP were 7316 and 5816 adults, respectively. This is slightly larger than, but in general agreement with, previous estimates of MVP. MVPs did not differ significantly among major taxa, or with latitude or trophic level, but were negatively correlated with population growth rate and positively correlated with the length of the study used to parameterize the model. A doubling of study duration increased the estimated MVP by approximately 67%. The increase in extinction risk is associated with greater temporal variation in population size for models built from longer data sets. Short-term studies consistently underestimate the true variances for demographic parameters in populations. Thus, the lack of long-term studies for endangered species leads to widespread underestimation of extinction risk. The results of our simulations suggest that conservation programs, for wild populations, need to be designed to conserve habitat capable of supporting approximately 7000 adult vertebrates in order to ensure long-term persistence.     

三江平原湿地野生动物濒危原因分析

对濒危野生物种致濒因素做了深入细致的分析，结果表明，随着农业活动的加强，环境污染的加剧，三江平原区湿地生物多样性面临严重威胁。三江平原未来的湿地濒危物种的保护，应注重湿地生境的管理和切实停止对湿地的开发，并加强执法与科研力度。