浅谈防城港市农田福寿螺发生趋势及防治对策

阐明了防城港市农田福寿螺发生趋势,并指出福寿螺发生程度逐年加重的四大原因,提出了以农业防治为基础。生物控制、人工防除和化学防治相结合的综合防治策略。     

Influence of food quality and quantity on the growth and development of Crassostrea gigas larvae: a modeling approach

A biochemically based model was developed to simulate the growth, development and metamorphosis of larvae of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. The model is unique in that it (1) defines larvae in terms of their protein, neutral lipid, polar lipid, carbohydrate and ash content; (2) tracks weight separately from length to follow larval condition index and (3) includes genetic variation in growth efficiency and egg quality to better simulate cohort population dynamics. The model includes parameterizations for larval filtration, ingestion and respiration that determine growth rate and processes controlling larval mortality and metamorphosis. Changes in tissue composition occur as the larva grows and in response to the biochemical composition of the food.

The simulations show that genetically determined variations in growth efficiency produce significant changes in larval survival and success at metamorphosis. Larvae with low growth efficiency are successful under a much narrower range of culture conditions than larvae with high growth efficiency. The impact of low growth efficiency is primarily controlled by the ability of larvae to store lipid for metamorphosis. Culture conditions that provide increased dietary lipid counterweigh low growth efficiency. Changes in food quantity and quality had little effect on size at metamorphosis. On the other hand, larval life span and success rate at metamorphosis varied over a wide range depending upon the conditions of the simulation. Food quality and food availability both influence larval life span and, hence, larval survival. As ingestion rate decreases, larval life span increases and cohort survival declines. Increased lipid or decreased protein in the diet improves cohort survival. Changes in carbohydrate content are less influential. If cohort success is significantly affected by mortality during larval life rather than success at metamorphosis, the influence of food quality becomes more complex. The range of food compositions yielding high survival is restricted by a balance between improved success at metamorphosis obtained by increased lipid storage and the shortening of larval life span as a result of more rapid growth, a function of protein availability. These simulations illustrate the strength and utility of numerical models for evaluating and designing hatchery protocols for optimizing yield of C. gigas larvae.     

太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)类α-1,2-岩藻糖基转移酶的密码子优化与原核表达

牡蛎消化组织内存在的类A型血型组织抗原是其特异性富集诺如病毒的主要原因,FUT2(Fucosyltransferase 2,α-1,2-岩藻糖基转移酶)是A型血型组织抗原合成的关键酶.本研究在前期克隆了太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)类FUT2基因cDNA全长的基础上,根据大肠杆菌密码子偏爱性优化并合成了类FUT2基因,插入原核表达载体pRSET A构建pRSET-mof,将其转化大肠杆菌BL21,用异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导.经SDS-PAGE分析显示,在37℃、IPTG终浓度为0.8 mmol/L的条件下,诱导4h后出现大小约为46 kDa的特异性目的条带.利用His亲和层析柱纯化及超滤管浓缩目的蛋白,得到单一条带,说明纯化效果良好.Western blot分析显示,目的蛋白与抗6×His标签单克隆抗体、抗人FUT2单克隆抗体均能发生特异性反应,表明优化后的太平洋牡蛎类FUT2基因在大肠杆菌系统中成功表达.本研究结果为今后研究太平洋牡蛎类FUT2基因的功能,进一步探索牡蛎特异性富集诺如病毒的分子机理奠定了基础.     

巨蛎属牡蛎遗传多样性研究

用ＲＰＤ方法获得的几种牡蛎间的遗传距离表明,我国北方海域确定存在大连湾牡蛎,褶牡蛎和近江牡蛎三种自然种。,它们同属巨蛎属。大连湾牡蛎,褶牡蛎和太平洋牡蛎互为姊妹种,近江牡蛎与它们互为非姊妹种。有无长牡蛎以及长牡蛎与上述三种牡蛎的关系有待进一步研究     

太平洋牡蛎三倍体诱导及苗种培育技术研究

本文报道了采用细胞松弛素B（CB）诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体的研究结果。研究结果表明，CB浓度为0．25mg／L，处理时间约20分钟，诱导三倍体的倍化率可达75％，至D型幼虫的孵化率为40－50％。1992－1996年其培育出三倍体贝苗1846．4万枚。     

友恩蚜小蜂林间世代生活史观察

友恩蚜小蜂是松突圆蚧的重要优势寄生蜂,已广泛应用于松突圆蚧的生物防治.经2008年观察发现:在广东省惠东县大岭镇文布种蜂地,友恩蚜小蜂一年出现两个数量高峰,第一个高峰出现在3～6月,第二个小高峰出现在10 ～ 11月.在罗定市苹塘镇林间,友恩蚜小蜂一年发生11代,世代重叠.     

硒化牡蛎多糖制备及其抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性研究

亚硒酸钠和牡蛎多糖合成硒化牡蛎多糖(SeOPS),纤维素DE-52分离纯化,红外光谱结构表征。DPPH·,ABTS+和·OH清除作用及铁还原力测定SeOPS抗氧化活性。MTT法检测SeOPS抑制肿瘤细胞增殖能力,采用流式细胞术检测SeOPS对细胞周期和凋亡的影响。结果表明,SeOPS具有清除DPPH·和ABTS+作用,IC50值分别为7.102 mg/m L和2.243 mg/m L。·OH及铁还原力清除效果与牡蛎多糖(OPS)无显著差别。SeOPS阻滞人宫颈癌(Hela)细胞G0/G1期及肝癌(HepG2) S期的发育,诱导细胞凋亡,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖。     

集鱼灯灯光分布及茎柔鱼钓捕效果分析

根据2006年4-6月我国鱿钓船在智利外海茎柔鱼渔场实际测定的灯光分布和生产统计资料,对金属卤化物灯和高压钠灯的光照度分布及其钓捕效果进行了比较分析。经测定分析和模型拟合,金属卤化物灯和高压钠灯的灯光衰减曲线符合指数模型,金属卤化物灯和高压钠灯的衰减系数分别为0.199 8和0.635 3。在180盏×2 kW金属卤化物灯情况下,在距船舷2 m的垂直断面,其水深5m内的光照度多在100 lx以上,10lx的等光照度曲线在18 m水层左右,0.01 lx的等光照度曲线在40 m水层附近。在30盏×500 W高压钠灯情况下,在距船舷2 m的垂直断面,其海面的平均光照度为10 lx左右,0.01 lx的等光照度曲线在20 m水层附近。以一些头足类的适宜光照度0.01~10 lx估算,30盏×500 W高压钠灯适宜照度的水体体积仅为180盏×2 kW金属卤化物灯的1/8左右。研究还表明,钓捕茎柔鱼时的金属卤化物灯适宜总功率为260~274 kW。     

丽蚜小蜂与黄板联合使用对设施番茄烟粉虱的控制作用研究

[目的]通过研究设施条件下人工释放丽蚜小蜂与黄板联合使用对番茄上烟粉虱的控制作用,探讨设施农业烟粉虱的生物防治技术.[方法]每株烟粉虱成虫不超过3头,若虫不超过2头左右释放,每5-7 d释放一次,连续释放5次,每次5 000头/667 m2.[结果]丽蚜小蜂平均出蜂率均在84.5;以上,最高寄生率达73;.从起始释放到其建立种群历时约35 d,约两个月后控制烟粉虱种群.丽蚜小蜂在番茄上的分布调查表明:垂直方向上,在番茄生长旺盛期,丽蚜小蜂主要分布于植株的中下部;而当番茄生长中后期,丽蚜小蜂随着烟粉虱分布的上移逐渐分布于植株中上部;水平分布由东向西(棚室进门向内)依次表现为高→低→高→低→高的规律性.[结论]人工释放丽蚜小蜂为主结合黄板诱杀对番茄上烟粉虱防治效果显著.黄板可有效地降低烟粉虱成虫数量而对丽蚜小蜂的诱杀作用很小.