灌水器注塑模浇注系统计算机辅助设计

根据灌水器注塑模非平衡浇注系统的特点，给出了非平衡浇注系统的流动平衡数学模型，通过基于Pro／toolkit的二次开发，在Pro／E软件平台上实现了非平衡浇注系统的流动平衡计算及其自动生成，避免了反复的试模与修改，提高了设计效率，降低了生产成本。     

迷宫流道转角对灌水器水力性能的影

为研究齿形、梯形以及矩形流道转角变化对水力性能的影响,采用Fluent软件对不同形状下不同转角的流道进行了数值模拟.研究结果表明:当其他条件相同时,转角的变化与流量系数、流态指数呈负相关,其变化对梯形流道灌水器的流量系数影响最大,最多下降了19.03%,齿形流道次之,下降了10.14%,矩形流道是梯形流道转角角度增加的延伸,具有相同的水力性能变化规律;随着角度的增加,梯形流道总的局部水头损失系数最多增加了32.5%,而齿形流道总的局部水头损失系数最多增加了23.4%,变化都很明显;压力较高时,摩阻系数基本保持不变,流体为紊流状态.     

无土基质栽培滴灌工程的研究

为在无土基质栽培中应用滴灌工程,本文分析了我国温室及大棚技术经济条件和无土栽培对滴灌的要求,指出采用“低压自压式滴灌系统”,并研究出一套可行的设计计算方法。阐述了按该方法设计的滴灌系统总布置特点及实际运行测定结果。论述了滴头选择依据与三种类型滴头的水力学特性及使用性能对比,结果表明,专门设计的WD型边槽式滴头最适于使用、推广。     

新型高效内镶贴片式滴头研制

针对内镶贴片式滴灌带生产过程中在生产线选盘中滴头易反片、倒片,造成产品合格率低的问题,研究以提高滴灌带产出合格率为目标,创新设计了集正反面流道、中心打孔框和正反流道同一梳型进水口的滴头结构,并研制出高效内镶贴片式滴头.生产的内镶贴片滴灌带达到美国工程师协会(ASAE)和国际标准组织(ISO)中A类产品标准,水力性能好,产出合格率提高了2.97％,有效地解决了滴灌带生产过程中滴头反片、倒片的问题,提高了产品合格率.     

滴头埋设深度对土壤水分运移及草坪草生长的影响

草坪地下滴灌与喷灌相比,具有节水、方便管理等优点。为了掌握滴灌中滴头的适宜埋设深度,通过模拟及实地试验,对地下滴灌土壤水分分布及其对草坪生长的影响进行了观测分析。结果表明:在流量和灌水时间一定的情况下,随着埋深的增加,湿润锋在水平方向的运移距离减小,在垂直方向上增大;相同埋深时,滴头两侧的含水率分布对称。在高羊茅((Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. Pixie))生长旺季,不同埋深处理对地上生物量影响显著(P<0.05),埋深20cm显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);不同埋深处理植株密度差异不显著;不同埋设深度对高羊茅根系分布有一定的影响,在每个滴头附近的根系密度和重量明显增加。     

Assessment of emitter discharge in microirrigation system as affected by polluted water

A drip irrigation system has the advantage of maintaining high water content near the plant root. However, its performance depends on water quality as it may induce the emitter clogging. In the Tohaku National Irrigation Project, in western Japan, mist spray emitters are widely used for irrigation in the field and greenhouses for vegetable and orchard crops. Seven emitters of different types were evaluated for the variation in their discharge rate without filter. The statistical analysis of mean discharge ratio and the coefficient of variation of the performance of emitters along a lateral line in the field indicated that the mist spray emitters had the best performance for irrigation in Tohaku area, particularly the new emitters or 1-year old emitters. The results suggest that after using the emitter line for two irrigation seasons it should either be replaced in the third season or washed carefully if further used.     

Anti-clogging performance evaluation and parameterized design of emitters with labyrinth channels

The anti-clogging performance of emitters with labyrinth channels is a key factor affecting their long-term service. Considering the limitation of evaluation on emitter's anti-clogging performance at present, a new method using passage rate of particles as the evaluation index was proposed based on stochastic trajectory model in a Lagrangian reference frame. Using orthogonal design, the passage rates of particles of 16 trapezoidal labyrinth channels with various geometries were calculated, where 4 dimensionless parameters were taken as the factors. The results obtained from analysis of range and variance showed that the influence degree on passage rate of particles ranks as follows: α > D/W > S/H > H/D. A mathematic model was established between the particle passage rate and 4 key parameters according to the multivariable regression method, which can be used to predict and compare the anti-clogging performance of trapezoidal labyrinth channels with different geometries.     

Laboratory experiment on drip emitter clogging with fresh water and treated sewage effluent

A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the emitter performance of three commonly used emitter types with the application of freshwater and treated sewage effluent (TSE). The three emitter types are the inline-labyrinth types of emitters with a turbulent flow (E1) and a laminar flow (E2) and the online pressure-compensation type of emitters (E3). The qualities of freshwater and TSE were measured, and the emitter performance was evaluated, using the relative emitter discharge, the reduction of emitter discharge (q_reduction), the coefficient of variation of emitter discharge (CV), the emission uniformity (EU), Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU), and the percentage of emitter clogging (P_clog). Results showed that all indices were affected by water quality, emitter type and time of operation. The values of q_reduction, CV and P_clog for the TSE treatments were greater than those for the freshwater treatments. The values of EU and CU for the TSE treatment were lower than those for the freshwater treatments. The q_reduction, CV and P_clog increased and the EU and CU decreased as operational time increasing for the TSE treatment. For both freshwater and TSE treatments, the emitter clogging was more severe, the CV was greater, and the EU and CU were smaller for emitter type E2 than those for emitter types E1 and E3. Thus a more severe clogging was found for emitter type E2 due to its smaller flow-path dimension and higher manufacturing coefficient of variation in addition to the high pH values and relatively high total dissolved solids (TDS) values of the used water. Analyses of water quality and the precipitation components inside and at the outlet of emitters revealed that chemical precipitation was the main reason for emitter clogging due to high pH and ions’ concentration, especially in the TSE. Flushing emitters and drip pipes did not efficiently alleviate emitter clogging caused by chemical precipitation. In a conclusion, emitter type E3 showed a better anti-clogging function than emitter types E1 and E2 and was recommended for irrigation with TSE in the Beijing area of China.     

迷宫流道灌水器抗堵塞设计与PIV试验

为提高迷宫流道灌水器的抗堵塞性能,通过数值模拟的方法对梯形流道内含沙量分布以及水沙流速进行了分析,并采用PIV测试优化前后流道内颗粒运动轨迹和速度来进行验证。结果表明:梯形迷宫流道灌水器流道内高含沙量区域主要在迎水面且流速较低的位置,在优化流道时可适当增加迎水面的修改,结合流道整体和加工需求可适当、甚至不修改流道背水面尺寸;以某一含沙量分布线作为流道边界,通过多次数值模拟获得较低含沙量的流道后,进行标准化再选取流道较宽的流道。该方法基本消除了沙粒大量集中的现象,获得抗堵塞性能较好的流道模型。经水沙速度分析和PIV测试验证了该方法不仅保持了灌水器优化前的水力性能,而且抗堵塞能力得到了提高。     

浑水特性与水温对滴头抗堵塞性能的影响

为探明迷宫流道滴头发生物理堵塞的成因及过程,采用分段粒径浑水周期间歇滴灌的试验方法,分别对含沙量、泥沙颗粒粒径和水温对滴头堵塞发生过程的影响进行研究。结果表明:对于泥沙颗粒粒径小于0.1 mm的浑水滴灌而言,粒径越小越易造成滴头堵塞,且其堵塞程度随浑水含沙量的升高而急剧升高;存在造成滴头堵塞的敏感粒径范围,在夏季灌溉时小于0.031 mm的粒径为易堵塞粒径;水温是影响滴头堵塞的重要因素,水温越高滴头的抗物理堵塞性能越好。