禾本科小麦族三个物种的核型及进化关系分析

首次报道了禾本科小麦族3个物种的核型,二倍体长穗偃麦草2n=2x=14=10m 4sm(2SAT),核型属于2A型;假鹅观草2n=2x=14=8m 6sm(2SAT),核型属于2A型;中间偃麦草2n=6x=42=16m 20sm(4SAT) 6st,核型属于3B型;同时,根据Stebbins的核型进化理论和分支系统学的编序、赋值方法,对核型的4个重要性状进行了分析,结果表明在这3个物种中二倍体长穗偃麦草与假鹅观草进化程度基本一致,而中间偃麦草相对进化程度较高。     

长穗偃麦草EeSnRK2.6基因克隆及生物信息学分析

蔗糖非发酵相关蛋白激酶家族2(SnRK2)基因家族受各种逆境胁迫诱导表达,在提高植物的抗逆性中发挥着至关重要的作用。为继续深入挖掘有效的抗逆相关基因资源并为转基因小麦提供重要候选基因,基于同源克隆方法从抗旱、耐盐性极强的长穗偃麦草中克隆了EeSnRK2.6基因的cDNA序列,该基因全长1 096bp,编码364个氨基酸,推测分子量为41.73kD,等电点为5.98,是亲水性氨基酸,共有18处磷酸化位点和1处跨膜域。氨基酸序列同源性分析发现,长穗偃麦草EeSnRK2.6基因与其他目前已报道的抗逆效果显著的SnRK2家族基因有较高同源性,同大豆SnRK2.6基因同源性达到95%,且具有典型的丝氨酸/苏氨酸类蛋白激酶保守域。系统进化树分析表明,EeSnRK2.6与SbSnRK2.6属于同一进化分枝上。因此,推测该基因属于SnRK2基因家族成员,可能在参与逆境胁迫反应、增强植物的抗逆性中起着重要作用。     

偃麦草属3种植物的持水力和蒸腾速率

采用盆栽育苗法 ,对偃麦草属 3种植物的持水力和蒸腾速率进行了测定。提出了判定植物持水力的新概念 -拐点持水力。依此方法 ,毛偃麦草的持水力远大于偃麦草和中间偃麦草。毛偃麦草的蒸腾速率明显低于其他两种植物     

利用高冰草在旱地建植大面积绿化的研究

新疆盲目开垦的旱地面积很大 ,生产力水平低 ,弃荒地多 ,水土流失严重。从新疆农垦科学院引进的澳大利亚牧草—高冰草 (Agropyronelongatum)具有耐旱、耐寒、耐盐碱、品质优、青绿期长、产量高等优良特性 ,在降水量 2 50 350mm的山前缓坡旱地种植高冰草 ,建植绿地恢复植被 6 6 .7hm2 。结果表明 :高冰草在该地区能正常完成生育期 ,生育期为 152d、绿期长 2 10d ,分蘖力强、单株分蘖数 110个 ,植株高 10 0～ 16 0cm。营养期粗蛋白含量为 19.14% ,产量高峰期的第 3a干草产量 74 19.0kg/hm2 ,与对照 (蒿属 +羊茅型荒漠草原 )相比 ,提高 2 86 1.7% ,种子产量 150kg/hm2 ,干草适应喂马、牛、羊等家畜 ,为旱地大面积退耕还草建植绿地 ,减少水土流失 ,保护环境起到了前期试验示范作用。     

苗期46份偃麦草种质材料耐盐性综合评价

采用盆栽苗期模拟盐胁迫的方法,对不同NaCl胁迫下46份偃麦草种质材料的地上生物量、地下生物量、叶片枯黄率进行测定,并对其耐盐性进行综合评价。结果表明,随盐浓度的增加,偃麦草的地上生物量、地下生物量的响应机制并不一致,而叶片枯黄率则呈现上升趋势;46份偃麦草种质耐盐性存在较大的差异,地上生物量、地下生物量、叶片枯黄率半致死盐浓度变异系数依次为42.48%~43.37%,26.9%~38.6%,18.98%;隶属函数综合分析认为,偃麦草材料的耐盐性从强到弱依次为E35、E14、E42、E25、E31、E26、E39、E36、E41、E22、E15、E21、E19、E34、E38、E16、E44、E02、E03、E37、E07、E18、E49、E46、E10、E48、E30、E04、E06、E08、E50、E24、E17、E27、E43、E40、E29、E28、E32、E11、E33、E23、E09、E13、E01、E12。     

Resistance to barley yellow-dwarf-virus disease in derivatives of crosses between hexaploid wheat and species of Lophopyrum (Triticeae; Poaceae)

Among the wheatgrasses that are possible sources of genetic resistance for wheat to barley yellow-dwarf-virus disease (BYD) are those that have been commonly subsumed under the name Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv. Two of these wheatgrass species are the diploid Lophopymm elongatum (Host) Á. Löve (2n = 2x = 14) and the decaploid L. ponticum (Podp.) Á. Löve (2n = 10x = 70). These two species, the addition and substitution lines of L. elongatum chromosomes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and derivatives of hybrids between hexaploid wheat and L. ponticum, were screened for resistance to BYD, as defined by visual symptoms in field-grown plants. The two species, an amphiploid derived from L. elongatumבChinese Spring’ wheat, and the derivatives involving L. ponticum chromosomes were all highly resistant. The substitution and addition lines of L. elongatum chromosomes in ‘Chinese Spring’ revealed that the genetic control of resistance in L. elongatum must be complex, with more than one critical locus involved. Chromosomes 2E and 5E are involved and there are lesser contributions to resistance from the remaining wheatgrass chromosomes. One highly resistant derivative was determined to have only three pairs of L. ponticum chromosomes. It has a wheat-like morphology and shows promise for further characterization.     

SCAR marker tagged to the alien leaf rust resistance gene Lr19 uniquely marking the Agropyron elongatum-derived gene Lr24 in wheat: a revision

A sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker tagged to an Agropyron elongatum‐derived leaf rust resistance (Lr) gene Lr19 was validated on 18 known alien Lr gener in near‐isogenic lines (NILs) in the variety ‘Thatcher’, along with three wheat cultivers carrying Lr24 and two carrying Lr19. The marker was expressed only in the Lr24 lines confirming that the marker tagged the geneLr24. The monomorphic expression of the SCAR marker in 10NIL pairs for Lr19 and Lr24 revealed that each NIL pair possessed the same gene, Lr24. The donor parents used in the NIL pairs for Lr19 (‘Sunstar*6/C80‐1′) and Lr24 (‘TR380‐14*7/3Ag#14′) amplified the same fragment. Nonsegregation for leaf rust in the F₂ population of the cross between the above donor parents confirmed the presence of the same gene in the two parents. Apparently, a genuine parent stock of ‘Sunstar*6/C80‐1’ was not involved in the development of the NIL pairs for Lr19 due to an improper maintence bredding protocol either at source or destination which went undetected in the absence of signs of virulence for either gene in the region.     

小麦中国春背景下长穗偃麦草光合作用相关基因的染色体定位

 光合作用与小麦产量关系的研究倍受国内外学者关注，而以代换系为材料研究外源染色体对光合作用的效应至今未见报道。本文以小麦－长穗偃麦草二体代换系为材料，以旗叶为主要测定叶位，用美国CID公司生产的CI-310便携式光合作用测定系统于田间测定旗叶光合速率在各生育期变化，并测定其与产量构成因素间的相关性。结果表明，DS2Ee(2A)代换系在开花期具有在整个生育期最高的光合速率，2Ee染色体可在穗粒数性状的改良过程中加以利用。DS4Ee(4A、4B、4D)代换系其旗叶从抽穗期到灌浆期始终保持较高水平净光合速率，对籽粒形成和充实十分有利，4Ee染色体可在通过改良灌浆时光合速率来提高千粒重等产量指标的研究中加以利用。     

Chromosomal Location of the Genes Associated with Photosynthesis of Lophopyrum elongatum (Host) A. L(o)ve in Chinese Spring Background

Researches on the relationship between photosynthesis and wheat yield have equally attracted the attention of both domestic and overseas scholars. No report has existed so far on the study of the effects of exogenous chromosomes on photosynthesis using the substitution series as materials. In this research, Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring-Lophopyrum elongatum (Host) A.L(o)ve disomic substitution series were used as materials and flag leaves as the measuring position. And the CI-310 Portable Photosynthesis System made by CID Co. in USA was used to measure the net rate of photosynthesis of flag leaves in different developing stages and also to correlate photosynthesis with yield. Results showed that, out of the whole developing stages, at the anthesis stage the line of DS2Ee (2A) had the highest photosynthetic rate, therefore it could be used in improving process of the character of kernel number. The flag leaves of DS4Ee (4A, 4B, 4D) lines demonstrated certain high net photosynthetic rate from heading to grain filling stage, so it is valuable in the researh of promoting the yield index like 1000-grain weight through improvement of the photosynthetic rate at grain filling stage.     

矮秆小偃麦异附加系31504的遗传分析：Ⅰ鉴定与细胞遗传

本研究利用细胞学和同工酶电泳等方法对小偃麦二体异附加系３１５０４进行了鉴定；并在不同遗传背景下．分析了异附加染色体的传递特点。结果表明，３１５０４为３Ｆ２／７Ｆ２易位的二体异附加系，其单体异染色体通过胚囊和花粉传递的频率平均分别为２８．９％和２０．２％，且与遗传背景无关。