Paspalines C–D and Paxillines B–D: New Indole Diterpenoids from Penicillium brefeldianum WZW-F-69

Five new indole diterpenoids named paspaline C–D (1–2) and paxilline B–D (3–5), as well as eleven known analogues (6–16), were identified from fungus Penicillium brefeldianum strain WZW-F-69, which was isolated from an abalone aquaculture base in Fujian province, China. Their structures were elucidated mainly through 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra analysis and ECD comparison. Compound 1 has a 6/5/5/6/6/8 hexacyclic ring system bearing 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxocane, which is rare in natural products. Compound 2 has an unusual open F-ring structure. The cytotoxic activities against 10 cancer cell lines and antimicrobial activities against model bacteria and fungi of all compounds were assayed. No compound showed antimicrobial activity, but at a concentration of 1 μM, compounds 1 and 6 exhibited the highest inhibition rates of 71.2% and 83.4% against JeKo-1 cells and U2OS cells, respectively.     

Eremophilane-Type Sesquiterpenes from a Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium Copticola with Antitumor and Neuroprotective Activities

Chemical examination of a marine sponge-associated Penicillium copticola fungus resulted in the isolation of ten undescribed eremophilanes, namely copteremophilanes A–J (1–10), along with two new glycosides, 5-glycopenostatin F (11) and 5-glucopenostatin I (12). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic data, in association with ECD data and chemical conversions for configurational assignments. Analogs 1, 2, and 10 represent a group of uncommon skeletons of eremophilanes with an aromatic ring and a methyl migration from C-5 to C-9, and analogs 11 and 12 are characteristic of a PKS scaffold bearing a glucose unit. The incorporation of a chlorinated phenylacetic unit in 3–9 is rarely found in nature. Analog 7 showed neuroprotective effect, whereas 8 exhibited selective inhibition against human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549). This study enriched the chemical diversity of eremophilanes and extended their bioactivities to neuroprotection.     

不同肥料配比对糜子产量和品质的调控效应

为探明不同施肥方式对糜子营养品质、食味品质和产量的影响,于2019年在山西河曲进行试验,以河曲大红糜子为材料,选用不同配比的有机肥（羊粪）、生物菌肥、尿素和复合肥,研究不同施肥配比对糜子品质和产量的影响。结果表明：不同肥料配比对糜子产量和品质性状显著影响,复合肥和有机肥（F+Y）配施显著提高糜子籽粒产量（GY）、净光合速率（P_n）、钙（Ca）和铁（Fe）含量,显著减低直链淀粉含量（AC）;相关性分析发现,籽粒产量（GY）和净光合速率（P_n）呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.82,镁（Mg）与铁（Fe）呈极显著正相关,值为0.68,直链淀粉含量（AC）与醇溶蛋白含量（Gli）、钙（Ca）达到极显著负相关,值分别为-0.66和 -0.50;主成分分析发现,糜子各性状指标分为4个主成分,分别代表糜子食味品质、营养品质、产量指标和蛋白营养品质,综合得分以复合肥和有机肥（F+Y）处理最高,并显著高于其他处理。综上所述,复合肥（187.5 kg·hm^-2）与有机肥（1.5×10 kg·hm^-2）配施是糜子获得优质高产的主要施肥方式。     

冬小麦条锈病内外菌源的原理和效应研究

[研究目的]量化研究小麦条锈病菌源类别、作用和独特性,为防控提供依据.[方法]在易辨期(齐穗扬花期)将病田分类,病菌具潜伏性,在短时间内底叶未发病田和发病田的剑叶发病由外部和内外部菌源侵害引发的,用致控病两种方法研究.[结果]齐穗扬花期之前是以内部菌源作用为主,之后外部菌源作用开始大于内部菌源.齐穗扬花期底叶不发病田控效明显,之后晚发病田控效降低.高温有一定控病效果.发病越早.底部叶片发病越重,内部菌源越多,齐穗扬花期上部叶片发病越重,之后各类病田发病轻重差异减小.[结论]对病田要早期挑治和中期控制,阻止外部菌源的落户和本田菌源的形成,有效减轻后期发病程度,中度以上发病年份.齐穗扬花期普防病田.     

外源氮处理对丛枝菌根真菌—根瘤菌产精氨酸的影响

以绿豆(Phaseolus radiatus L.,绿宝六号)为宿主植物,采用三室隔离盆栽培养系统,接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌、根瘤菌及AM真菌和根瘤菌双接种,研究豆科植物接种AM真菌吸收外源氮产精氨酸的影响,外源氮分别为4 mmol·L-1NH4Cl,4 mmol·L-1NH4NO3,4 mmol·L-1尿素(Urea)和4 mmol·L-1精氨酸(Arginine,Arg)。结果表明,不同接种处理下不同外源氮对菌根中精氨酸含量影响不同,单接AM真菌及双接种均在施加外源氮Arg时精氨酸含量最高,分别为2.47和3.20 mg·g-1,且双接种明显高于单接AM真菌处理,而单接根瘤菌处理中精氨酸含量变化不明显。与单接种相比,双接种下菌根侵染率、根瘤数、根瘤鲜重及茎叶中总氮含量都有所提高,且在施加NH4NO3时效果最好。由此得出,AM真菌和根瘤菌双接种更利于植物氮源的吸收及生长。     

食用菌菌渣在黄瓜无土栽培中的应用研究

[目的]为食用菌菌渣的科学化处理及带动相关产业发展提供科学依据.[方法]以工厂化生产金针菇的菇渣废料为原料,探索不同配比菇渣作为无土栽培基质对黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）生长的影响.其中,CK为草炭50 kg＋珍珠岩50 kg,T1为菇渣75 kg＋珍珠岩25 kg,T2为菇渣50 kg＋珍珠岩50 kg,T3为菇渣25 kg＋珍珠岩75 kg.[结果]各处理之间差异不明显,均与CK基质栽培效果相仿.T3栽培效果较差,在植株生长和单株产量等方面均不如CK,但其余处理均好于CK,其中TI栽培效果最好,单株产量1.26 kg,高于CK的1.16 kg.[结论]完全腐熟后的菇渣作为草炭代替品与珍珠岩配合,可作为黄瓜无土栽培基质.     

赤霉病菌特异抗体-防御素融合蛋白的表达和功能鉴定

选择对赤霉病菌具有高度特异性和亲合力的单链抗体,与植物防御素构建成融合蛋白基因,将融合蛋白及防御素基因分别与细菌表达载体pGEX和植物表达载体pMBL4构建成重组载体,在细菌中经IPTG诱导表达GST融合蛋白,亲和层析纯化蛋白;经根癌农杆菌介导的真空渗入法在烟草叶片中瞬间表达,提取叶片总蛋白用于鉴定。抑菌活性分析表明,烟草叶片瞬间表达的防御素和抗体-防御素融合蛋白,均对赤霉病菌有强烈的抑菌作用;从细菌中纯化的防御素蛋白,也能有效抑制赤霉病菌生长。说明赤霉病菌抗体-防御素融合蛋白基因,可作为抗赤霉病资源,用于改良植物的抗赤霉病性。     

刍议食用菌栽培学课程教学与科研的创新实践

食用菌栽培学是农业微生物学的重要分支,是我国高等农业院校的重要选修课。课程涵盖食用菌学基础理论和栽培实践技术。基于近20年食用菌教学与科研实践,从教学内容和教学方法、教学工具、实践教学、科研支撑与服务于教学的角度,研讨食用菌栽培学课程教学与科研实践的融合创新。     

食用蕈菌天然食品防腐剂发酵工艺的研究

将从食用蕈菌筛选出来的天然食品防腐剂生产菌Ｅ．Ｆ．１５和Ｅ．Ｆ．４２分别进行深层发酵,用既定筛选模型系统的跟踪模型逐一测试其发酵产物的抑菌效价。梯度试验结果表明,Ｅ．Ｆ．１５和Ｅ．Ｆ．４２的最适发酵周期,最适发酵温度,发酵液最适起始ｐＨ,摇床最适转速,发酵液最适装量和最适接种量（ｖ／ｖ）,分别为６ｄ,２５～３０℃,７．０～７．５,１５０ｒ／ｍｉｎ,２００ｍＬ（５００ｍＬ三角瓶）和１５％。