经济绿肥覆盖对西双版纳胶园土壤性状的综合影响

论述了经济绿肥覆盖对提高土壤肥力、改善土壤物理性状、水土保持、提高抗病性、增加收入等方面的作用和重要意义。阐明了经济绿肥覆盖在西双版纳胶园的应用前景，它将实现经济效益和生态效益并重的胶园可持续发展。同时提出了在胶林行间特别是保护带陡坡地种植绿肥覆盖物的发展思路及相应措施，即完成胶园经济绿肥良种的筛选、经济效益和生态效益评价、及配套栽培技术试验示范。     

陆地棉杂种F1代主要经济性状的通径分析

以陆地棉品种间杂交的 2 8个组合为对象 ,研究分析了F1 代主要经济性状的优势表现 ,并对F1 代中的 6个主要经济性状进行了通径分析。结果表明 :杂种F1 代中皮棉产量、单株铃数、单铃重和衣分都有较强的优势表现 ;对皮棉产量直接作用较大的性状为衣分、单株铃数和单铃重 ,且它们间的相关都达到显著水平 ;同时F1 代纤维品质与皮棉产量间的负相关已经不同程度地被打破。因此在F1 代中选择时要协调好产量三要素间的关系 ,也可以通过对单铃重的选择来协调产量和品质间的矛盾。     

水培经济植物净化养殖废水研究现状

对水培经济植物净化养殖废水的研究现状进行了阐述,介绍了湿地植物特别是水生经济植物相关情况,并指出：水培经济植物食用安全性是关键问题;西洋菜是用于处理养殖废水等高浓度有机废水的良好湿地植物。     

琼海市区域建设用地节约集约利用评价研究

琼海市是海南省东部重要城市之一。随着经济发展和城市化进程的加快,对土地利用的增长需求与限制土地利用有效供给的生态、经济、社会诸要素间矛盾关系日益突出。因此,开展琼海市区域建设用地节约集约利用评价,对琼海市土地利用结构调整、优化布局、科学用地提供依据,为促进琼海市社会、经济的持续健康发展具有重要意义。评价结果表明:琼海市存在村庄土地利用粗放、土地经济利用强度偏低、存量建设用地利用率低的现象。     

Evolution of farm management, nitrogen efficiency and economic performance on Dutch dairy farms reducing external inputs

The implementation of the statutory Mineral Accounting System (MINAS) in the Netherlands in the period 1998–2003 required large reductions in nutrient inputs of dairy farms. Patterns in farm management adjustments throughout 6 years and their effectiveness in terms of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and economic performance were evaluated for 45 commercial farms participating in a regional nutrient management project.

Six groups of farms were identified that differed in initial NUE and the change therein. Three groups of farms that were able to rapidly reduce fertilizer N input and establish a consistent farm management strategy were most successful in improving NUE. These farms had a higher gross margin per 100 kg milk than farms without a consistent strategy. The three effective strategies were primarily characterized by (i) continuous, gradual adjustment of the integrated farm management combined with a slight reduction in milk production per ha (re-balancing) versus increasing productivity per animal, thereby reducing maintenance N requirements, while (ii) maintaining or (iii) increasing the production intensity per ha. It was concluded that different approaches to improve NUE can be successful, also in economic terms, although a direct relationship between NUE and gross margin was not observed. The probably implicit choice for adoption of a strategy may be governed by farm endowment and the farmer's skills and objectives.     

Effects of the 1995–1997 drought on nitrate leaching in lowland England

Abstract. The effect of drought between summer 1995 and 1997 on stream and river nitrate concentrations was investigated using sites close to the long-running meteorological station in Oxford, UK. Nitrate concentrations in the River Windrush were relatively low during the drought, but after it had ended reached the highest level since records began in 1973. The low concentrations during the drought probably reflect a reduced contribution from agricultural runoff. High nitrate concentrations were found in a field drain at Wytham Environmental Change Network site during and after the drought, but discharge was greatly reduced. A woodland stream at Wytham had much lower nitrate concentrations than the field drain but these similarly increased during and after the drought. There was evidence that both a concentrating effect of low water volumes and enhanced soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates were causing concentrations to rise. The effects of mineralization and nitrification were more important in woodland than agricultural land. Nitrate load over the course of a year was determined largely by discharge, but steeper gradients for the relationship between cumulative load and cumulative discharge were seen during and after the drought than before, reflecting the higher concentrations.     

经济发展与环境问题的思考

如何实现经济发展与环境优化相和谐,就是要解决发展中资源结构性安全和生态环境问题。既要加快地区发展,又要解决城乡发展不平衡,同时还要改进城乡建设的思路,提高城乡人居环境的效益,改善环境条件,保护并节约有限的环境资源。     

制定合理的企业内控标准以提高企业经济效益

为适应市场需求，莫尔道嘎林业局从以下几方面入手，调整企业内控标准：①以市场信息为先导；②改变传统的合理造材观，使产品结构与市场对接；③严格选材，细化分级归楞；④强化产品质量管理。通过采取上述措施，提高了企业的经济效益。     

Fire-vegetation interplay in a mosaic structure of Quercus suber woodlands and Mediterranean maquis under recurrent fires

We examined the effects of fire recurrence on a mosaic structure of Quercus suber and Erica-Cistus shrubland communities of Southeastern France in order to improve the understanding of fire-vegetation interplay. Plant communities that were similar in 1959 (woodlands on shrublands called maquis on acidic soils) were compared along a gradient of fire recurrence, from 0 to 4 fires, with different time intervals between fires. The results showed that understory cover increased roughly with fire recurrence, whereas tree height, cover, density, stand basal area and litter depth decreased. Different fire recurrences along the past decades led to different vegetation types. High fire recurrence corresponded to maquis and sparse cork-oak woodlands while pure oak woodlands established in the absence of fire during the same period. In all, the diversity of tree diameter decreased with fire recurrence. High fire recurrence (3 or 4 fires in 50 years) led to a simple vertical structure of vegetation with a mono-layered shrub cover and few Quercus suber trees. In contrast, spatial connections between plants were maximal at longer time intervals, leading to a multi-layered vegetation. We finally discuss the potential implications of past fires on the behavior of future fires in the perspective of a sustainable management of these Mediterranean ecosystems.     

法国蓖麻熟期与穗部经济性状的通径分析

对 12份法国蓖麻品种的出苗期、现蕾期、开花期、成熟期、收获期和有效穗数、穗粒数、百粒重及小区产量 8个性状的相关及通径关系进行分析研究。结果表明 :①法国蓖麻品种的播种至出苗期与开花至成熟期呈正相关 (r=0 .12 78) ,现蕾至开花期对开花至成熟期的间接作用P3→ 2→y =0 .6 986比其直接作用P3→y =- 0 .6 5 2 8明显。②现蕾至开花期对单株有效穗、单株穗粒数呈极显著正相关 (r=0 .2 76 8、r =0 .2 2 4 5 ) ,现蕾至开花期对单株有效穗、单株穗粒数的间接作用 (P3→ 2→y =3 92 75、P3→ 2→y =3 5 4 4 3)比其直接作用 (P3→y =- 2 4 437、P3→y =- 2 2 6 0 2 )明显。③出苗至现蕾期与百粒重呈正相关 (r=0 .346 7、P2→y =5 0 32 9)。④现蕾至开花期与小区产量呈极显著正相关 (r=0 .1488) ,现蕾至开花期对小区产量的间接作用 (P3→ 2→y =1 4 40 9)比其直接作用 (P3→y =- 0 .74 5 4 )明显。⑤单株有效穗、单株穗粒数、百粒重对小区产量具有真实的通径关系。