Dietary Chitosan Nanoparticles: Potential Role in Modulation of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Antibacterial Defense and Intestinal Immunity against Enteric Redmouth Disease

Bio-nanotechnology employing bio-sourced nanomaterial is an emerging avenue serving the field of fish medicine. Marine-sourced chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) is a well-known antimicrobial and immunomodulatory reagent with low or no harm side effects on fish or their human consumers. In this study, in vitro skin mucus and serum antibacterial activity assays along with intestinal histology, histochemical, and gene expression analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of dietary CSNPs (5 g kg⁻¹ dry feed) on rainbow trout resistance against ‘enteric redmouth’ disease. Two treatment conditions were included; short-term prophylactic-regimen for 21 days before the bacterial challenge, and long-term therapeutic-regimen for 21 days before the challenge and extended for 28 days after the challenge. Our results revealed higher antibacterial defense ability and positive intestinal histochemical and molecular traits of rainbow trout after dietary CSNPs. The prophylactic-regimen improved trout health while the therapeutic regimen improved their disease resistance and lowered their morbidity. Therefore, it is anticipated that CSNPs is an effective antibacterial and immunomodulatory fish feed supplement against the infectious threats. However, the CSNPs seem to be more effective in the therapeutic application rather than being used for short-term prophylactic applications.     

The effect of feeding the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on cell-mediated immunity and protection against Yersinia ruckeri in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)

The present study examined the influence of leucine metabolite β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate (HMB), a natural product HMB, on nonspecific cell‐mediated defence mechanisms and protection against enteric redmouth disease (ERM) in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca). β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate was fed in a pelletted ration at 50 mg kg^?1 of the feed for 8 weeks. The phagocytic ability and potential killing activity of blood and pronephric phagocytes were examined in HMB‐ and control‐fed fish before and after 8 weeks of feeding HMB. Simultaneously, the proliferative response of blood and pronephric lymphocytes stimulated by mitogens concanavaline A and lipopolisaccharide were examined in experimental and control groups. Following 8 weeks of HMB feeding, a challenge test was performed by injecting the fish with live pathogenic bacteria Yersinia ruckeri. β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate applied in the diet for 8 weeks prompted a statistically significant (P<0.05) increase in phagocytic ability and potential killing activity of the blood and pronephric phagocytes and the proliferative response of blood and pronephric lymphocytes. The changes in these mechanisms correlated with protection against Y. ruckeri, the ERM pathogen. The results showed that feeding HMB increased the nonspecific cell‐mediated defence mechanisms and protection against ERM by reducing cumulative mortality (30%) following the challenge with pathogenic bacteria. Future studies will include determination of optimal doses and protocols of oral application of HMB to maximize the immunomodulatory effects and protection against viral diseases in intensive pikeperch culture.     

VA菌根菌与宿主植物之间的相互作用

综述了VA菌根菌与宿主植物这一共生体系之间在生理、分子水平上的相互作用.     

桃叶杜鹃菌根苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以桃叶杜鹃为材料,接种4种(TY02、TY21、TY29、TY35)杜鹃花类菌根(ERM)真菌,以不接种处理为对照(CK),进行干旱胁迫,之后再复水,研究接种ERM真菌桃叶杜鹃的叶片相对含水量、渗透调节物质、SOD活性、MDA含量、光合色素等生理生化指标的变化。结果表明:接种ERM真菌能有效提高桃叶杜鹃叶片相对含水量,降低叶片水分饱和亏缺,在第15天接种TY29处理桃叶杜鹃叶片的含水量较对照增加了91.62%,复水后,接种TY35处理桃叶杜鹃叶片相对含水量最高,较对照提高了154.6%;接种ERM能显著提高桃叶杜鹃的可溶性糖、可溶蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量;接种ERM真菌能显著提高桃叶杜鹃的SOD活性,以接种TY35处理在第10天的SOD活性最大,较对照组增加69.4%;接种ERM真菌能显著降低MDA含量。在干旱胁迫下,接种ERM真菌能提高桃叶杜鹃叶片的相对含水量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量、SOD活性、光合色素的含量,降低MDA含量,从而提高桃叶杜鹃幼苗的抗旱能力,其中以接种TY29和TY35的效果较好。     

乡村旅游对西部山区农户贫困脆弱性的影响

在推动脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴战略有效衔接的背景下,探讨乡村旅游对农户贫困脆弱性的影响,对促进精准脱贫政策优化和衔接乡村振兴具有重要意义。基于贫困脆弱性理论,利用陕西省22个旅游扶贫村农户调查数据,运用扩展回归模型（ERM）,分析农户参与乡村旅游和贫困脆弱率状况,探讨乡村旅游对西部山区农户贫困脆弱性的影响效应及机制。结果表明,样本地区参与旅游农户贫困脆弱率为29.58%,低于非旅游参与户。参与旅游能够显著降低农户贫困脆弱性,与未参与时相比降低了13.7%。4A级及以上景区带村、受到旅游精准帮扶农户参与旅游降低脆弱性、防止未来贫困的效应显著,不同旅游参与形式中旅游经营的降脆效应更大。乡村旅游通过提升家庭收入水平降低家庭未来陷入贫困可能性,但经营性收入的不确定性成为加剧脆弱性的风险隐患,工资性收入对缓解贫困脆弱性无显著正向影响;在西部山区旅游兼业普遍状况下,生计多样化起到一定调节作用,其中兼顾传统农业强化了参与旅游对贫困脆弱性的减缓效果。因此,为保障旅游减贫成效持续巩固,提出要正视乡村旅游产业本身的脆弱性和收益不确定性,推动西部地区旅游产业长效发展,统筹兼顾普惠性旅游扶贫政策和精准帮扶措施,加强农旅融合与利益联结等建议。     

干旱胁迫对接种ERM真菌桃叶杜鹃幼苗叶绿素含量及荧光参数的影响

[目的]分析干旱胁迫对接种杜鹃花类菌根(ERM)真菌桃叶杜鹃幼苗叶绿素含量和荧光参数的影响,为桃叶杜鹃抗旱栽培提供参考依据.[方法]采用盆栽控水法对接种不同ERM真菌(TY02、TY21、TY29和TY35)的桃叶杜鹃幼苗(简称菌根苗,下同)进行干旱胁迫,以不接种ERM真菌为对照(CK),水分梯度设正常水分(水含量80‰90%)、轻度干旱(水含量65‰75%)、中度干旱(水含量50%~60%)和重度干旱(水含量35%~45%)胁迫处理,测定分析各处理菌根苗的叶绿素含量和荧光参数.[结果]菌根苗叶片的叶绿素a(Chl.a)、叶绿素b(Chl.b)及叶绿素总含量(Chl.a+b)均显著提高(P<0.05,下同).随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,TY29和TY35菌根苗的Chl.a含量先升高后降低,且在轻度胁迫下最高,分别为3.120和3.492 mg/gFW,比CK提高了161.0%和192.0%;CK、TY02和TY21菌根苗的Chl.a含量均呈下降趋势.接种ERM真菌能显著提高桃叶杜鹃幼苗叶片的叶绿素荧光参数(潜在活性Fv/Fo除外),但随着干旱程度加剧,菌根苗的最大荧光(Fm)、Fv/Fo、实际量子产量(ΦPSII)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭(qP)均呈下降趋势,而初始荧光(Fo)、最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)逐渐上升;干旱胁迫程度越大,各指标的变幅越大,但菌根苗的变幅均小于CK.菌根苗的Fv/Fm在各水分处理下均小于0.8,且在干旱条件下呈上升趋势,其中TY35菌根苗的Fv/Fm增幅最小,仅13.0%,而CK的Fv/Fm增幅为41.8%;干旱胁迫下,桃叶杜鹃幼苗的ETR均呈下降趋势,以CK的降幅最大,为42.5%,TY29和TY35菌根苗的降幅最小,分别为14.4%和9.4%;TY29和TY35菌根苗的qP和NPQ变幅分别为28.2%、24.4%和20.6%、20.2%,而CK为63.5%和41.9%.[结论]ERM真菌可用于桃叶杜鹃抗旱栽培,尤以接种TY29和TY35菌株的抗旱效果更佳.     

浙江大盘山华顶杜鹃菌根真菌的分离和鉴定

于2016年5月在浙江省大盘山国家级自然保护区的3处采样地,每处采集5株华顶杜鹃Rhododendron huadingense的1～2支侧根,培养分离华顶杜鹃的菌根真菌,然后结合菌落形态特征和r DNAITS序列分析进行鉴定。结果表明:华顶杜鹃根系内共分离到165个菌株,分为22个菌落形态类型;结合r DNA ITS序列分析,最终分为20个不同的菌种类型,其中19个菌种类型属于子囊菌门Ascomycota,包括8个属于粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes和6个属于锤舌菌纲Leotiomycetes;3个优势菌种分别为Phialocephala fortinii,Ilyonectria radicicola和某粪壳菌纲真菌的近缘种,分别占菌株总数的41.82%,22.42%和10.91%;其余17个菌种类型合计只占总数的24.85%。     

干旱胁迫下接种ERM真菌对桃叶杜鹃幼苗光合特性的影响

以1年生桃叶杜鹃幼苗为材料,研究干旱胁迫下接种ERM真菌对桃叶杜鹃幼苗光合特性的影响.结果表明:接种ERM真菌显著提高了桃叶杜鹃幼苗的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)以及水分利用效率(WUE),同时降低了叶片胞间CO2浓度(C,),对照不接菌处理差异显著;在持续干旱条件下,桃叶杜鹃菌根苗通过促进叶片叶绿素的合成与积累,提高水分的利用效率,以减缓幼苗各光合参数的下降速度,使幼苗保持较高的光合能力;复水后,菌根苗能较快恢复其光合作用,恢复能力显著高于对照苗,且TY 35和TY 29基本能恢复至旱前水平.由此可见,接种ERM真菌能够显著提高桃叶杜鹃幼苗的光合能力以及水分利用效率,从而增强桃叶杜鹃的抗旱能力,且以TY 35和TY 29的表现最好.     

接种ERM的杜鹃在高温胁迫下生理指标变化*

为研究ERM真菌对杜鹃品种“淡妆”（Rhododendron“Danzhuang”）的抗热性是否有促进作用,测定高温胁迫下接种ERM真菌的杜鹃品种“淡妆”叶片生理指标的变化,结果表明：基质灭菌处理的侵染率比基质不灭菌处理的侵染率高,均高于不接种处理;接种ERM真菌能降低高温胁迫对杜鹃品种“淡妆”叶片的伤害程度,其中基质灭菌的处理表现优于基质不灭菌的处理。高温胁迫下,接种ERM真菌提高了杜鹃叶片的抗氧化酶活性,而对膜脂过氧化作用的产物积累影响较小,在一定程度上可以提高杜鹃“淡妆”的抗热性。     

干旱胁迫对桃叶杜鹃菌根苗叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

为了探明ERM真菌在干旱胁迫时对桃叶杜鹃叶肉细胞超微结构的影响,在温室大棚内,采用盆栽控水法对分别接种两种ERM真菌(TY29、TY35)的桃叶杜鹃1年生幼苗进行干旱胁迫处理,以不接种真菌的为对照,在透射电镜下观测不同水分处理下接菌苗与对照苗叶肉细胞超微结构的变化。结果表明:在正常水分条件下,各处理桃叶杜鹃幼苗的叶肉细胞结构相同,细胞完整。随着干旱程度的加深,各处理细胞的叶绿体和线粒体的受损程度都逐渐增大,但在相同水分胁迫下,接种ERM菌根真菌的桃叶杜鹃幼苗的线粒体和叶绿体等细胞器的完整程度要高于对照,细胞器受损害程度更小,具有较好的抗旱能力,其中接种TY35对桃叶杜鹃叶肉细胞的作用更明显。