Utilizing a DUALEM‐421 and inversion modelling to map baseline soil salinity along toposequences in the Hunter Valley Wine district

In the oldest commercial wine district of Australia, the Hunter Valley, there is the threat of soil salinization because marine sediments underlie the area. To understand the risk requires information about the spatial distribution of soil properties. Electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments have been used to identify and map the spatial variation of average soil salinity to a certain depth. However, soils vary with depth dependent on soil forming factors. We collected data from a single‐frequency and multiple‐coil DUALEM‐421 along a toposequence. We inverted this data using EM4Soil software and evaluated the resultant 2‐dimensional model of true electrical conductivity (σ – mS/m) with depth against electrical conductivity of saturated soil pastes (EC_p – dS/m). Using a fitted linear regression (LR) model calibration approach and by varying the forward model (cumulative function‐CF and full solution‐FS), inversion algorithm (S1 and S2), damping factor (λ) and number of arrays, we determined a suitable electromagnetic conductivity image (EMCI), which was optimal (R² = 0.82) when using the full solution, S2, λ = 3.6 and all six coil arrays. We conducted an uncertainty analysis of the LR model used to estimate the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil‐paste extract (EC_e – dS/m). Our interpretation based on estimates of EC_e suggests the approach can identify differences in salinity, how these vary with parent material and how topography influences salt distribution. The results provide information leading to insights into how soil forming factors and agricultural practices influence salinity down a toposequence and how this can guide soil management practices.     

浅谈葡萄与葡萄酒工程专业学生实践能力训练的改革--以青岛农业大学葡萄与葡萄酒工程专业为例

葡萄与葡萄酒工程专业是一个注重实践动手能力的学科,该文首先提出现在实践能力培养中存在的问题,并针对问题相应地提出了实践能力训练改革的方向和措施。     

Efficiency of inorganic fungicides against the formation of Erysiphe necator chasmothecia in vineyards

BACKGROUND

A reduction in chasmothecia, an important inoculum of grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator Schwein.), is essential for disease control in vineyards; the use of fungicides during the formation of chasmothecia on vine leaves, late in the growing season, may accomplish this. Inorganic fungicides, such as sulphur, copper, and potassium bicarbonate, are very useful for this purpose because of their multisite mode of action. The aim of this study was to evaluate chasmothecia reduction using different fungicide applications late in the growing season in commercially managed vineyards and in an exact application trial.

RESULTS

Chasmothecia on vine leaves were reduced in commercial vineyards by four copper (P = 0.01) and five potassium bicarbonate (P = 0.026) applications. The positive effect of potassium bicarbonate was also confirmed in the application trial, where two applications showed lower chasmothecia numbers than the control (P = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

The application of inorganic fungicides reduced the amount of chasmothecia as the primary inoculum source. Potassium bicarbonate and copper are of further interest for disease control as these fungicides can be used by organic and conventional wine growers. The application of these fungicides should be carried out as late as possible before harvest to reduce chasmothecia formation and, consequently, the potential for powdery mildew infestation in the subsequent season. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

酿酒葡萄延迟栽培方式的研究

利用西昌地区丰富的光热资源，以3年生真芳德和梅尔诺为试材，2000年在西昌正大葡萄试验园进行了酿酒葡萄延迟栽培的研究。摘除一次花序，对新梢分别在花后20、40、60、80d进行中梢修剪，逼迫冬芽萌发结果。结果表明：真芳德具有较强的冬芽副梢结果能力。在延迟栽培条件下，两品种的果实成熟期可推迟到11月上中旬。单株产量、果实可溶性固形物含量和总糖的最大值均出现在花后60d的处理中；各处理滴定酸均高于对照；出汁率随处理时间延迟而降低。两品种花后40、60和80d处理的果实黑痘病和白腐病的发生均低于对照。冬芽副梢成熟度良好。结果表明，延迟栽培能够有效调节葡萄成熟期并改善原料质量，但同时也造成产量的下降和生产周期的加长。     

Ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes and effect of starvation in miiuy croaker <Emphasis Type="Italic">Miichthys miiuy</Emphasis> larvae

The ontogenetic development of the digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase and the effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae were studied. The activities of these enzymes were detected prior to exogenous feeding, but their developmental patterns differed remarkably. Trypsin activity continuously increased from 2 days after hatching (dah), peaked on 20 dah, and decreased to 25 dah at weaning. Alkaline phosphatase activity oscillated at low levels within a small range after the first feeding on 3 dah. In contrast, amylase and lipase activities followed the general developmental pattern that has been characterized in fish larvae, with a succession of increases or decreases. Amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities generally started to increase or decrease at transitions from endogenous to exogenous feeding or diet changes, suggesting that these enzymatic activities can be modulated by feeding modes. The activities of all the enzymes remained stable from 25 dah onwards, coinciding with the formation of gastric glands and pyloric caecum. These results imply that specific activities of these enzymes underwent changes due to morphological and physiological modifications or diet shift during larval development but that they became stable after the development of the digestive organs and associated glands was fully completed and the organs/glands functioned. Trypsin and alkaline phosphatase were more sensitive to starvation than amylase and lipase because delayed feeding up to 2 days after mouth opening was able to adversely affect their activities. Enzyme activities did not significantly differ among feeding groups during endogenous feeding; however, all activities were remarkably reduced when delayed feeding was within 3 days after mouth opening. Initiation of larvae feeding should occur within 2 days after mouth opening so that good growth and survival can be obtained in the culture.     

小苍兰连续6个月供花栽培技术研究

利用促成栽培、常规栽培和延迟栽培相结合的方法,使小苍兰在上海地区达到１２月至次年５月连续６个月供花。促成栽培为种球经乙烯利处理提前打破休眠,再结合低温加赤霉素处理,于１２月至次年２月供花;在高温期间采取降温措施和低温期间采取加温措施,于２月底～３月供花。常规栽培于３月底～４月底供花。延迟栽培为１２月１日～１２月２０日种植常温贮藏的小球茎,于５月份供花。     

Influence of phosphate-buffered sucrose solution on early graft function in feline renal autotransplantation

Graft perfusion with cold heparinized saline has known to induce ischemia and reperfusion injury in feline kidney transplantation. In this study, the effects of phosphate-buffered sucrose solution and heparinized saline solution on early kidney graft function were compared in feline kidney autotransplantation. Perfusion of grafts with or without hypothermic storage with chilled phosphate-buffered sucrose solution prevented ischemia and reperfusion injury despite a very short ischemic time. The results of our study suggest that phosphate-buffered sucrose perfusion and storage solution should be effective to reduce ischemia and reperfusion injury despite a very short ischemic time in feline kidney transplantation.     

Long-term Outcome of Standing Medial Patellar Ligament Splitting to Manage Horses Exhibiting Delayed Patellar Release: 64 Horses

A standing surgical technique for splitting the medial patellar ligament is described, and the long-term (average 4.5-years) efficacy of the procedure in horses exhibiting delayed patellar release is reported. Medical records of 64 horses that underwent a standing medial patellar ligament splitting surgery performed to treat delayed patellar release were analyzed retrospectively. Horses were sedated in standing stocks. A number 15 scalpel blade was used to percutaneously split the medial patellar ligament from just proximal to its insertion on the tibial tuberosity to its attachment on the parapatellar fibrocartilage, with the goal of inducing a localized desmitis and subsequent thickening of the ligament. Aftercare consisted of oral antibiotics, 14 days stall rest with hand walking, light exercise for 14 days, and full work at 4 weeks. Follow-up information was obtained through telephone calls to owners and/or clinical evaluation by a veterinarian. Results showed that 89% of horses benefitted from the procedure, with complete resolution in 58% of horses and improvement in 31% of horses. A total of 73% of horses were able to perform at the desired level following the procedure; 63% of horses showed signs of improvement or resolution within 30 to 60 days. Two horses had complications following the procedure: 1 horse had an incisional infection, and 1 had a medial patellar ligament rupture. This study shows that standing medial patellar ligament splitting is a successful, long-term surgical option for treatment of delayed patellar release. The procedure has few complications and allows rapid return to desired performance.     

Effects of Delayed Nitrogen Topdressing on Grain Yield and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Flag Leaves of Wheat

Four wheat cultivars were used to study the effects of delayed nitrogen topdressing on popula-tion structure, grain yield and photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves under high-yielding conditions. Theresults showed that the nitrogen topdressing delayed from overwintering-turning green stage (N1) to turninggreen-jointing stage(N2 ) and jointing-booting stage(N3 ) decreased ineffective tiller in spring, retarded the de-cline of green leaf area and chlorophyll content in late life span, promoted photosynthetic ability of flag leavesand significantly increased the grain yield. N3 treatment was suitable for most wheat cultivars except the geno-types with higher single spike productivity and less ears in unit area.     

1-MCP和延迟预冷对‘蜜脆’苹果冷藏效果的影响

以‘蜜脆’苹果为试材,研究1-MCP和延迟预冷处理对其冷藏效果的影响,为‘蜜脆’苹果的贮藏保鲜提供一定的理论依据和技术指导。分别采用1-MCP(1.0μL.L-1,24 h)、延迟预冷(20℃,7 d)及2者的结合对‘蜜脆’苹果进行采后处理,处理后的果实置于(3±0.5)℃下冷藏,定期测定贮藏期的各项生理生化指标,并在贮藏末期观察统计主要生理病害的病情指数。结果表明,1-MCP能显著抑制果实的乙烯释放速率和呼吸速率、减缓果实硬度和可滴定酸含量的下降,保鲜效果优于延迟预冷处理,这2种处理方式均能减轻果实低温伤害的发生,但却加重了苦痘病的发生;与对照相比,结合处理组虽然也加重了苦痘病的发生,但却完全抑制了冷害的发生,并保持了较好的贮藏品质。