Limited effects of land use on soil dissolved organic matter chemistry as assessed by excitation–emission fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular weight fractionation

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil solution represents a complex mixture of organic molecules and plays a central role in carbon and nitrogen cycling in plant–microbial–soil systems. We tested whether excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to characterize DOM and support previous findings that the majority of DOM is of high molecular weight (MW). EEM fluorescence spectroscopy was used in conjunction with MW fractionation to characterize DOM in soil solution from a grassland soil land management gradient in North Wales, UK. Data analysis suggested that three distinct fluorescence components could be separated and identified from the EEM data. These components were identified as being of humic‐like or fulvic‐like origin. Contrary to expectations, the majority of the fluorescence signal occurred in the small MW (<1 kDa) fraction, although differences between soils from the differently managed grasslands were more apparent in larger MW fractions. We conclude that following further characterization of the chemical composition of the fluorophores, EEM has potential as a sensitive technique for characterizing the small MW phenolic fraction of DOM in soils.     

基于DOM航空影像单木树冠提取

准确提取单木树冠边界是获取森林数量参数的重要基础,是高分辨率遥感图像林业应用的技术难题。基于DOM航空影像数据源,采用面向对象的方法对研究区内的2个树种的林分进行了单木树冠边界提取研究。首先利用桉树和杉木的空间分布矢量数据对DOM航空影像进行掩膜处理,在掩膜区域内进行多层次多尺度图像分割得到初步树冠分割结果,并剔除非树冠信息;再以树冠信息种子对象为基础,使用区域增长算法对树冠信息种子对象增长得到单木树冠范围;最后使用形态学滤波的方法优化单木树冠边界,完成林区内桉树和杉木两类树种的单木树冠边界提取。结果表明,由于不同树种的树冠存在尺度和形态差异,进行单木树冠分割时需要设置不同的参数才能到达较好的分割效果。本研究中桉树和杉木的单木树冠提取总体精度分别为86.75%与89.21%,可满足林业部门获取森林单木树冠的精度需求。     

长吻鮠人工催产及脑垂体促性腺激素细胞的超微结构的变化

通过对催产和未催产的长吻鮠脑垂体中腺垂体促性腺激素分泌细胞（ＧＴＨ 细胞） 的分泌活动分析,证实了用促黄体素释放激素类似物（ＬＲＨ－ Ａ） ５０μｇｋｇ 加ＤＯＭ５ｍｇｋｇ 混合注射催产长吻鮠,能有效地促使ＧＴＨ细胞分泌促性腺激素,诱导卵母细胞成熟和排卵,催产效果显著。超微结构的进一步观察,揭示了长吻鮠脑垂体ＧＴＨ 细胞中存在两种分泌颗粒,即分泌小球,直径１２００～２０００ｎｍ ,电子密度低;分泌颗粒直径３００ ～５００ｎｍ ,电子密度高。分泌小球释放与卵母细胞的发育成熟有关,分泌颗粒的释放则与排卵相关。     

水溶性有机质对南京城郊菜地土壤Pb吸附解吸行为的影响

通过批处理试验研究了不同来源的水溶性有机质（DOM）对南京城郊菜地土壤铅（Pb）吸附解吸行为的影响。研究结果表明,DOM抑制了土壤对Pb的吸附,随着DOM浓度的增加,土壤对Pb的吸附量减少,当DOM体积从0增加到21 mL时,土壤对Pb的吸附量分别减少5.34%（鸡粪）、24.12%（牛粪）和0.35%（有机肥）。不同来源的DOM也影响土壤对Pb的吸附程度。当添加低浓度的DOM（添加体积小于6 mL）时,土壤对Pb的吸附量顺序为鸡粪DOM〈牛粪DOM≈有机肥DOM;当添加高浓度的DOM（添加体积大于6 mL）时,土壤对Pb的吸附量顺序为牛粪DOM〈鸡粪DOM〈有机肥DOM。反之亦然,DOM促进了土壤Pb的解吸,解吸量随添加DOM浓度的增大而增加。不同来源的DOM对土壤Pb解吸程度的影响也有所差异。对于低污染土壤,Pb的解吸量顺序为鸡粪DOM〉牛粪DOM〉有机肥DOM;对于高污染土壤,Pb的解吸量顺序为鸡粪DOM〉有机肥DOM〉牛粪DOM。Pb吸附动力学曲线揭示,添加DOM延缓了土壤Pb吸附平衡到达的时间。本研究表明,DOM增加了土壤Pb的环境风险。     

土壤中水溶性有机质的结构特征及其与富里酸、胡敏酸的比较

采用元素分析、1HNMR和FTIR研究了黄泥土中水溶性有机质组成及结构特征,并与富里酸、胡敏酸进行比较。结果表明:胡敏酸含有大量的芳香族不饱和物质,烷基链烃多,支链长;富里酸以含有大量的羧基为主要结构特征;水溶性有机质主要由碳水化合物组成,含有大量的羟基,芳香族不饱和物质少。     

Chemical characteristics and potential source of fulvic acids leached from the plow layer of paddy soil

To understand better the chemical characteristics and source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) leached from the plow layer of rice paddies, a lysimeter study was conducted, which simulated submerged paddy topsoil during rice growth. The fulvic acid (FA) fraction in the percolation water from the lysimeter was collected by adsorption onto insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and the temporal variations in its elemental composition, molecular size distribution, IR spectra, ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra, and δ¹³C values were investigated. The proportion of the FA fraction to bulk DOM varied greatly, but the chemical characteristics of the FA fraction did not change appreciably during the experimental period. Thus, it is considered that the changes in the DOM composition in percolation water were mainly due to the differing contributions of the FA fraction. Further, to investigate the source of the FA fraction in the leachate, the chemical characteristics of the FA fraction in the leachate were compared with those extracted from the plow layer soil. A sequential extraction of the FA fraction was conducted using a sequence of water, 0.25 M Na₂SO₄, 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0), 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5), and NaBH₄+0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5). It was found that the water- and 0.25 M Na₂SO₄-extractable fractions, which were most mobile, were not the only source of the FA fraction in the leachate. The small molecular size sub-fraction of the NaBH₄+0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5)-extractable FAs, most of which are probably bound mainly to iron oxides, are considered to be another source of the FA fraction leached from the plow layer of paddy fields.     

秸秆和Eh对稻田土壤溶解性有机质组成及金属释放的影响

为探究秸秆添加对氧化还原条件变化下稻田土壤重金属释放的影响,本文选取典型重金属污染稻田土壤,通过微宇宙试验结合三维荧光光谱等手段,分析了土壤溶液化学性质、溶解性有机质（DOM）、金属释放之间的动态关系。结果表明：添加秸秆增加了厌氧期Fe、Mn、As、Cd等金属的释放,同时影响了DOM组成。土壤DOM中类蛋白（C3）含量在培养期总体降低（P<0.05）;类腐殖质含量呈现厌氧期上升、好氧期下降的趋势。结构方程模型（SEM）分析显示,Eh的变化与Mn和As的溶出显著负相关（路径系数分别为-0.662和-0.528,P<0.01）,同时,Eh还通过影响土壤类腐植酸C2（路径系数-0.816,P<0.01）控制As的释放（路径系数0.244,P<0.05）。因此,稻田土壤干湿交替造成的Eh变化和秸秆还田措施不仅可直接影响重金属的溶出,也可通过DOM含量和组成进一步控制其释放。     

浅谈林业工作中常用的遥感影像及处理要点

在遥感影像定义的基础之上,讨论了遥感影像的四个基本特征.对林业工作中常用的中分辨率遥感影像Landsate TM5、中巴资源卫星以及常用的高分辨率遥感影像Spot5、Rapideye、Alos、QuickBird、WorldviewⅠ、WorldviewⅡ等进行了介绍并做了对比分析,总结各种遥感影像的优缺点;并讨论了遥感影像基础数据准备,DOM与DEM参考数据准备以及的遥感影像正射纠正,并以ALOS为例,对算法及图像增强等工作进行了探讨     

土壤可溶性有机质研究进展

可溶性有机质（DOM）是陆地生态系统重要的活性碳源和养分库,在土壤有机质的降解和矿化过程中发挥着关键作用,决定着土壤微生物区系和土壤生物学活性,在森林生态系统生命元素的生物地球化学物质循环中具有重要作用。本文介绍可溶性有机质的基本概念及其研究方法,分析和探讨可溶性有机质的影响因素及其发展趋势。