桉树焦枯病和青枯病的分离鉴定与防治方法

简要概述了危害我国华南地区桉树产业发展的主要病害——桉树焦枯病和青枯病,介绍了两种病害的部分研究方法,分析了两种病害的防治方法及其研究方向,以期为相关研究提供借鉴。     

桉树焦枯病对桉树生长量的损失估计研究

按照桉树焦枯病不同发病等级调查桉树各因子生长量,分析不同病级对桉树胸径、树高和材积生长的影响。结果表明,当发病等级达到Ⅳ级时对胸径、Ⅲ级时对树高、Ⅱ级时对材积的生长已经造成极显著影响。根据不同发病等级与损失率的关系进行回归分析,建立了胸径、树高和材积的损失率估测模型,该模型估测结果与调查实测数据相对误差1.32%(精度为98.68%)。以此模型估算福建省桉树人工林焦枯病危害,材积年损失率23.53%,年经济损失0.518亿元。     

匙叶天南星褐腐病的检出

 匙叶天南星是华南地区近几年新引入的一种重要花卉植物,1995年秋广东省广州市和顺德市栽种引自台湾的植株发生褐腐病,导致大量死亡。通过病原菌鉴定及对病土和各种种花基质进行的一系列试验,表明该病是由Cylindrocladium spathiphyli Schoulties et al.引起;病原菌是自台湾省随种苗和介质传入大陆的。建议在进行引种种苗时严格注意对植物根和介质的检疫。     

Cylindrocladium brown leaf spot on Howea belmoreana caused by Calonectria ilicicola (anamorph: Cylindrocladium parasiticum) in Japan

Brown leaf spot disease caused by Cylindrocladium was found on Howea belmoreana on Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, in December 2001. Typical symptoms were incited after artificial inoculation. A culture of white mycelia, isolated from leaf spot symptoms, produced reddish perithecia of a nectriaceous fungus. Based on morphological and molecular analyses, this fungus was identified as Calonectria ilicicola (anamorph: Cylindrocladium parasiticum). Pathogenicity of this fungus on five plants cultivated on Hachijojima Island was confirmed by artificial inoculation. This report is the first on Cylindrocladium brown leaf spot of H. belmoreana caused by C. ilicicola (anamorph: Cy. parasiticum).     

Characterization and taxonomic reassessment of the box blight pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata,introducing Calonectria henricotiae sp. nov.

Calonectria pseudonaviculata, the causal agent of the disease of Buxus spp. known as ‘box blight’, was first detected in the mid‐1990s in the UK and New Zealand. Since then, the geographic range of box blight has rapidly expanded to at least 21 countries throughout temperate regions of the world, causing significant losses in nurseries, gardens and wild boxwood populations. This study determined the genetic diversity in a collection of 234 Calonectria isolates from diseased Buxus plants, originating from 15 countries and four continents. Two genetic clades, G1 and G2, were identified within this sample using multilocus phylogenetic analysis. The application of genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition criteria using four independent nuclear loci determined that the Calonectria isolates in these two clades are separate phylogenetic species. The isolates in the G1 clade were upheld as C. pseudonaviculata sensu stricto. Based on phylogenetic distinctiveness and the lack of mating, a new species is proposed, Calonectria henricotiae sp. nov., for the Calonectria isolates in the G2 clade. A PCR‐RFLP assay and real‐time PCR assays were developed to easily and reproducibly differentiate these species. To assess the practical implications of the identification of the two species, their physiology, fungicide susceptibility and pathogenicity were compared. No differences in pathogenicity were observed. However, C. henricotiae isolates exhibited greater thermotolerance and reduced sensitivity to specific triazole as well as strobilurin fungicides. The identification of a second phylogenetic species causing box blight may have a substantial impact on the epidemiology and control of this destructive disease.     

不同浓度水杨酸诱导桉树抗焦枯病保护酶活性变化

以前期收集的福建省11个桉树主栽种系中的中抗种系巨尾桉(Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla)为试验材料,用浓度为0(CK)、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5和3.0 mmol.L-1的外源植物生长物质水杨酸(SA)对桉树叶片进行喷雾处理,以提高桉树对焦枯病的抗病性。结果表明,SA能有效诱导桉树提高对焦枯病的抗性,不同浓度SA对桉树的抗病性诱导效果不同。随着SA浓度的增加,桉树叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性都呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势。其中,当SA浓度为2.0 mmol.L-1时,桉树叶片中POD、PAL、SOD和PPO的活性都最高。     

牡丹柱枝孢叶斑病（Cylindrocladium canadense）对叶片光合系统功能的影响

 以牡丹（Paeonia suffruticosa）‘藏枝红’为试验材料,通过测定叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学 曲线、820 nm 光吸收曲线以及气孔交换参数和H₂O₂ 含量,研究了柱枝孢叶斑病（Cylindrocladium canadense）对牡丹叶片光合性能和光系统功能的影响。结果显示：在病原菌侵染后,牡丹叶片的净光合 速率（Pn）、气孔导度和叶绿素含量均下降,而细胞间隙CO₂ 浓度升高,表明Pn 的降低是受非气孔因素的 影响。Cylindrocladium canadense 的侵染,使H₂O₂ 含量显著升高,快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线形状 发生明显改变,F v/F m 和PIABS 均显著下降。PSⅡ供体侧、反应中心和受体侧活性均受到抑制,但PSⅡ受 体侧所受抑制比供体侧大。同时,病原菌侵染也使PSⅠ（△I/Io）活性快速下降。由上述研究结果推测： Cylindrocladium canadense 的侵染,使H₂O₂  积累增加,对PSⅠ和PSⅡ的功能造成伤害。PSⅠ活性的下降 阻碍了PSⅡ向PSⅠ的电子传递,过剩激发能增加,导致ROS 增加,抑制D1 蛋白的合成,加剧了对PSⅡ 伤害,这是其侵染抑制牡丹光合系统的主要原因。     

Conidial production and viability of Calonectria pseudonaviculata on infected boxwood leaves as affected by temperature,wetness, and dryness periods

Calonectria pseudonaviculata causes lesions on boxwood leaves and twigs. Controlled-environment experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature and leaf wetness period on C. pseudonaviculata sporulation on diseased (cv. Suffruticosa) leaves and of dryness periods and high temperature on conidial survival. Infected leaves were incubated in moist chambers and subjected to six temperatures (9, 13, 17, 21, 25, and 29°C) and six leaf wetness periods (0, 12, 24, 40, 48, and 72 h). Spore production was influenced significantly by wetness period, temperature, and their interaction. Increasing duration of leaf wetness and increasing temperature generally increased sporulation, with no sporulation occurring at 29°C or 9 and 13°C, except at 72 h of wetness exposure, while it was optimal at 21°C. Detached leaves with profuse conidia were subjected to a range of drying (relative humidity at 65%) times (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h) at two temperatures of 21 and 29°C. Conidia were then harvested and plated on water agar. Germinating conidia were counted to measure the spore viability. Spore mortality increased with increasing dryness duration at both temperatures but occurred more quickly and severely at 29 than 21°C. Overall, this study extended biological knowledge of conditions required for crucial stages of the C. pseudonaviculata disease cycle and the obtained results will be vital for developing boxwood blight forecasting and management tools.     

加拿利海枣褐斑病的病原菌鉴定

于2005～2007年间调查棕榈科植物病害的过程中.发现加拿利海枣(Phoenix canariensis)上发生一种严重的褐斑病.该病危害植株的叶片和叶柄.产生褐色、近椭圆形或不规则形的病斑,严重时植株病斑累累,直至干枯而死.按照柯赫法则对该病病原菌进行鉴定.常规病组织分离获得柯氏帚梗柱孢霉(Cylindrocladium colhounii Peerallv),并以离体叶片法和盆栽苗接种法回接加拿利海枣,产生的症状与田间表现一致,并从接种病株上重新分离到相同的病原菌.结果表明.该病的病原菌为柯氏帚梗柱孢霉(Cylindrocladium colhounii Peerally).     

洛阳牡丹新病害—柱枝孢叶斑病

为了明确河南省洛阳地区牡丹叶部一种新病害的病原种类,对采自田间的典型症状叶片进行了常规组织分离,对单孢菌株进行了形态鉴定、rDNA ITS序列分析及致病性测定.结果表明,病原菌在PDA培养基上菌落初期白色绒毛状,后期红褐色.分生孢子梗通常呈扫帚状,有2～3个分支,末端膨大呈泡囊状.分生孢子直棒状,两端钝圆,有0～1个隔膜,大小为(38.4～86.4)μm× (4.6～5.9)μm,平均60.1 μm×5.2 μm.离体叶片与活体植株接种结果表明,该菌均能侵染牡丹叶片并引起与田间相同的症状.据此将分离物鉴定为Cylindrocladium canadense,将该病害命名为牡丹柱枝孢叶斑病.