Mechanisation of organic fertiliser spreading,choice of fertiliser and crop residue management as solutions for maize environmental impact mitigation

The environmental impact of crop production is mainly related to fossil fuels consumption and to fertilisers application. Emissions arising from the spreading of organic and mineral fertilisers are important contributors for impact categories such as eutrophication and acidification. The choice of the fertilisers and of the spreading techniques as well as the crop residues management can deeply affect the environmental impact related to crop cultivation.In this study, seven scenarios describing fertilising schemes characterised by different organic and mineral fertilisers and by different mechanisation were compared. The aim is to evaluate, using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, how the environmental performances of grain maize production were affected by these different fertilisers schemes. The study was carried out considering a cradle to farm gate perspective and 1 t grain maize was selected as functional unit. Inventory data were collected on a farm located in Po Valley (Northern Italy) during year 2013 and were processed using the composite method recommended by the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD). The compared scenarios involved organic and mineral fertiliser distribution and were: pig slurry incorporation after >3 days after spreading (BS), fast pig slurry incorporation within 2 h from spreading (AS1), direct soil injection of pig slurry (AS2), pig slurry incorporation (after >3 days) with straw collection (AS3), digestate spreading instead of pig slurry (after >3 days) (AS4), only mineral fertilisers (i.e. urea and superphosphate) distribution (AS5) and only mineral fertilisers (i.e. calcium ammonium nitrate and superphosphate) distribution (AS6).The results were not univocal, since climate and soil conditions as well as physical and chemical fertiliser characteristics differently affected the environmental load, especially for particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification and terrestrial eutrophication impact categories. AS1 and AS2 showed the most beneficial results for these impact categories (between ↙67% and ↙73% respect to worst scenario). AS6, on the opposite, showed the highest environmental impact for those impact categories mainly affected by energy and fossil fuel consumption (climate change, ozone depletion, human toxicity with carcinogenic effect, particulate matter, freshwater eutrophication, freshwater ecotoxicity and mineral, fossil and renewable resources depletion), categories on which AS3 and AS4 were the best solutions. AS3 was the most impacting for terrestrial acidification and eutrophicationA sensitivity analysis was carried out varying grain maize yield (mostly affected: marine eutrophication) and ammonia volatilisation losses due to organic fertilisers (mainly affected: terrestrial acidification and eutrophication).The achieved results can be useful for the development of ⬓spreading rules⬽ that drive the application of organic fertilisers in agricultural areas where there is an intense livestock activity.     

水杨酸对葡萄幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化的影响

 以一年生京秀葡萄 (Vitisviniferacv .Jingxiu)扦插苗为试材 ,研究了外源水杨酸对葡萄叶片膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明 ,喷施 1× 10 -4mol·L-1的水杨酸后 ,葡萄幼苗叶片的丙二醛含量下降 ,可溶性蛋白质含量升高 ,抗氧化酶抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶活性和抗氧化剂类胡萝卜素、谷胱甘肽、抗坏血酸含量显著升高。水杨酸可能通过提高葡萄叶片对膜脂过氧化的抗性来诱导其对胁迫的抗性。     

盘锦市近50年冬季气温变化分析

利用近50年（1957-2006年）冬季盘锦大洼站的气温资料,对盘锦冬季平均最高、最低气温、平均气温及逐旬平均气温的演变进行了详细的分析。结果表明,盘锦冬季季平均气温年际变化呈上升趋势,不同年代呈现出不同的年代际变化特征;盘锦冬季平均最低气温上升是盘锦冬季气温升高的主要因子;冬季平均气温在整个研究时段中,除存在明显的4年左右的振荡周期和6—8年的周期外,还存在14—16的较长周期。并表现出不同年代的周期特征。     

阜新暴雨日数与太阳黑子活动周期关系研究

对太阳黑子活动周期与1951～2005年阜新暴雨日数进行了分析研究。结果发现,各太阳黑子谷值周期黑子相对数与各周期内暴雨日数相关显著,相关系数达-0.842;同时,太阳黑子谷值周期内某年的阜新暴雨日数与该年的太阳黑子数相关系数达-0.737。说明阜新暴雨日数与太阳活动有着密切的相关。这一结论将为研究暴雨发生规律及暴雨的预测、预报、农业旱涝规律提供有利的气候背景和依据。     

成都市青白江区生态农业建设规划研究

阐述了循环经济、生态农业的内涵;分析了青白江区发展农业循环经济的必要性;并以循环经济理论为指导,以实现物质与能量利用最优化为目的,利用4R原则,对该区进行生态农业规划.     

创新农业资本投入模式促进农业可持续发展

农业资本是实现农业可持续发展的重要因素.目前我国农业资本投入中主要存在资本供应主体错位、资本投入风险大、资本流向不合理、资本运行效益低等问题,主要原因是受二元经济结构政策的长期影响以及国民收入分配的长期扭曲.应创新农业资本投入模式,构建农业资本循环新体系,完善资本支持的政策与制度.     

Aquaponics and sustainability: The comparison of two different aquaponic techniques using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Aquaponics is generally regarded as a sustainable practice, but its environmental burdens were not yet deeply investigated. In this study, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to assess the environmental impacts of two hypothetical coupled aquaponics systems (CAPS): Raft System (RAFT) and Media-Filled Beds System (MFBS). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were considered as cultivated species in both systems. The Simapro^© software V.8.0 was used for calculation. The comparison between the two virtual systems indicated the floating technique as the less impacting one. Even though energy consumption appears to be higher in the floating system, LCA results were markedly influenced by the extensive use of inert materials in MFSB. In both systems, contribution analyses underlined that the main environmental impacts are related to infrastructures, electricity and fish feed. The LCA analyses carried out in this study highlights that the choice of less impacting materials, and the optimization of management practices, should be taken as priorities in order to reduce environmental impacts of this activity.     

1958-2013年本溪地区雷暴日数变化特征分析

利用1958-2013年本溪地区雷暴天气观测资料,采用线性倾向分析、高斯滤波、M-K突变检验及小波分析方法,对近56年本溪地区雷暴日数变化特征进行了分析.结果表明,近56年本溪地区年雷暴日数呈现显著下降趋势;在年代际尺度上,本溪地区雷暴日数在20世纪60年代中后期和90年代初期较常年偏多,1995年后雷暴日数较常年偏少;本溪地区年雷暴日数56年时间序列没有明显的突变特征,但存在准2~5年、准10年和准30年周期,且准2~5年和准10年周期有随时间增强趋势,振荡周期随时间有所加长.     

哺乳动物生精细胞显微授精研究现状与展望

对哺乳动物生精细胞进行显微授精这一新型体外授精技术的研究现状、技术方法、细胞周期及调控、基因印迹及其运用前景进行较系统全面的概述，旨在促进我国同类研究的快速发展，使该项技术早日在我国畜牧业和濒危动物保护方面发挥重大作用。