Parasitoid community of the loreyi leaf wormMythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi: Novel host-parasitoid associations and their efficiency in the eastern mediterranean region of Turkey

The loreyi leaf worm,Mythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi Duponchel (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), is a pest of gramineous crops and causes significant economic damage to maize. In field surveys on maize to determine the parasitoid community and its impact on the pest in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey, nine parasitoid species were found associated with immature stages ofM. loreyi: The hymenopteran (Braconidae and Ichneumonidae) parasitoidsCotesia (=Apanteles) ruficrus (Haliday),Chelonus oculator Panzer,Meteorus ictericus Nees,Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg),Sinophorus sp.; and the dipteran (Tachinidae) parasitoidsPseudogonia rufifrons Wiedeman,Exorista rossica Mesnil,Gonia picea (Robineau-Desvoidy) andLinnaemya vulpina (Fallen) — the last three recorded for the first time as parasitoids ofM. loreyi in Turkey.C. ruficrus was the dominant parasitoid species, being recovered from 38.5% of the larvae collected and was also the most prevalent species, existing in 91.0% of the fields in whichM. loreyi was found. Total parasitism levels achieved by braconid species was 41.4%, by ichneumonid parasitoids 4.8%, and by tachinid parasitoids 1.9%. In a separate field experiment, seasonal population fluctuations and natural efficiency ofC. ruficrus onM. loreyi were found to be 35.1% and 42.4%, respectively. Population levels ofC. ruficrus were closely related to fluctuations in the population ofM. loreyi, with parasitism ranging between 0 and 77.3% during the study. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

甲胺磷预处理小菜蛾对菜蛾绒茧蜂的影响

分别在菜蛾绒茧蜂处于卵期、早期幼虫和中期幼虫时,饲喂小菜蛾2龄幼虫亚致死剂量甲胺磷,研究甲胺磷处理对寄主体内菜蛾绒茧蜂结茧率和羽化率的影响.试验表明,经亚致死剂量甲胺磷处理后,菜蛾绒茧蜂的结茧率和羽化率与对照相比均显著降低.在菜蛾绒茧蜂处于卵期时饲喂寄主幼虫,菜蛾绒茧蜂的结茧率和羽化率分别下降59.1%和32.5%;在菜蛾绒茧蜂处于早期幼虫时饲喂寄主幼虫,菜蛾绒茧蜂的结茧率和羽化率分别下降40.5%和32.8%;而在菜蛾绒茧蜂处于中期幼虫时饲喂寄主幼虫,菜蛾绒茧蜂的结茧率和羽化率分别下降18.2%和37.2%.结果表明,在绒茧蜂处于不同发育阶段时,饲喂小菜蛾幼虫甲胺磷对菜蛾绒茧蜂结茧率的影响较大,但对羽化率的影响不大.     

菜蛾盘绒茧峰和半闭弯尾姬蜂的胚胎发育

在室内(25±1)℃,详细观察了小菜蛾两种幼虫内寄生蜂的胚胎发育过程.其中,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂胚胎发育经历大约48 h.根据胚胎发育的先后顺序可将其划分为以下3个时期:卵裂与胚盘形成期,即产卵后20 h时,在卵周缘形成均匀的单细胞层;原肠胚形成及器官发育期,产卵后20~32 h,包括胚带形成、原头原躯分化、口道形成及消化道发育;最后是胚胎背合与胚胎成熟期,在产卵后48 h,胚胎发育完成,并在蜂卵孵化时,源自浆膜的畸形细胞释放到寄主小菜蛾的血腔中.相同培养条件下,半闭弯尾姬蜂的胚胎发育历经50 h.根据胚胎的形态特征将胚胎发育过程同样划分为3个阶段:分别是产卵后12 h的卵裂与胚盘形成阶段、产卵后12~32 h的原肠胚形成和器官发育阶段、以及随后的胚胎背合和胚胎成熟阶段,即产卵后32~50 h,直至姬蜂卵孵化.与茧蜂不同的是,姬蜂卵孵化时,浆膜并不产生释放畸形细胞.     

Distribution and relative importance of lepidopteran cereal stemborers and their parasitoids in Uganda

Infestation levels and parasitism of lepidopteran stemborers on maize were assessed in four agroecological zones (AEZ) in Uganda. The indigenous noctuidBusseola fusca Fuller (Noctuidae) and the invasiveChilo partellus Swinhoe (Crambidae) were the most important stemborers recorded.C. partellus represented 77% of the stemborers in the Eastern AEZ whileB. fusca was dominant in the other AEZs, accounting for 60–79%. The proportion of infested plants was between 16% and 45% and borer density between 0.2 and 1.0 borers per plant. There was no clear relationship between damage and stem tunneling, which is often used to estimate yield loss.Telenomus busseolae Gahan (Scelionidae), the only egg parasitoid recovered, caused parasitism of up to 46% onB. fusca eggs. Several larval and pupal parasitoid species were recorded. The most common were the indigenous braconidCotesia sesamiae and the introducedCotesia flavipes, which are larval parasitoids ofB. fusca andC. partellus, respectively. Mean parasitism by the indigenousC. sesamiae ranged between 2.0% and 29.4% onB. fusca and from 0 to 13% onC. partellus. C. flavipes was recovered at most locations with parasitism of 0–30.5% onC. partellus and 0–12% onB. fusca; the latter was probably the result of multiparasitism as laboratory studies have shown that it was not a suitable host forC. partellus. Results indicated further that the parasitoid has not attained equilibrium 5 years after its introduction. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 20, 2006. Teddy Matama-Kauma died suddenly in an accident on Dec. 10, 2006, while this paper was in press.     

寄主龄期、温度对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂种间竞争的影响

在室内调查了分别以2龄、3龄和4龄小菜蛾幼虫作寄主时,及20、26、28和32 ℃下菜蛾盘绒茧蜂和菜蛾啮小蜂间竞争结果.当2龄或3龄小菜蛾幼虫供2种蜂同时产卵寄生时,绒茧蜂的寄生率显著高于啮小蜂的寄生率;分别与其单独寄生时比,前者无显著差异,而后者则显著下降;二种蜂的合计寄生率与任一种蜂单独存在时的相比,以2龄幼虫作寄主时无显著差异,但以3龄幼虫作寄主时则显著提高.当4龄小菜蛾幼虫供2种蜂同时产卵寄生时,绒茧蜂的寄生率与啮小蜂的寄生率之间无显著差异;二种蜂的合计寄生率显著比绒茧蜂单独存在时的高,但与啮小蜂单独存在时的寄生率相比无显著差异.当2种蜂共存时,在所测试的4个温度下,绒茧蜂的寄生率均高于啮小蜂的寄生率,与其单独寄生时的相比,绒茧蜂的寄生率无显著变化,而啮小蜂的寄生率均显著下降.这些结果表明寄主龄期比温度对这两种蜂种间竞争的影响更大.     

菜蛾啮小蜂的寄主辨别能力和种间竞争

在25 ℃下,以菜蛾3龄幼虫作寄主,研究了菜蛾啮小蜂对已被菜蛾盘绒茧蜂寄生寄主的产卵寄生行为及其在与菜蛾盘绒茧蜂共寄生寄主中的发育情况. 菜蛾啮小蜂能产卵寄生已被菜蛾盘绒茧蜂产卵寄生的寄主,形成共寄生,其寄生率随寄主体内的菜蛾盘绒茧蜂卵的孵化而下降. 菜蛾啮小蜂能寄生寄主体内的菜蛾盘绒茧蜂高龄幼虫,直接将卵产在绒茧蜂体内,而形成重寄生,重寄生率随寄主体内绒茧蜂幼虫年龄增大呈增大趋势. 共寄生寄主中的啮小蜂不能发育到成虫. 重寄生的啮小蜂能完成发育,并从绒茧蜂的茧中羽化. 当未被寄生和已被菜蛾盘绒茧蜂寄生的寄主同时存在时,啮小蜂主要寄生于未被寄生的寄主. 表明菜蛾啮小蜂具有辨别寄主是否已被绒茧蜂寄生的能力.     

寄生性天敌对小菜蛾种群的控制作用模拟

利用小菜蛾自然种群连续世代生命表结果,通过状态空间方程和作用因子添中分析法,模拟增补放赤眼蜂、菜蛾绒茧蜂和菜蛾啮小蜂对小菜蛾种群的控制作用。结果表明,在春季,单独释放拟澳洲赤眼蜂、小菜蛾小蜂以及任何两种或两种以上的寄生性天敌联合释放就可以使下代小菜蛾种群的数量不再增长;在秋季,只有同时释放寄生作用较强的拟澳洲赤眼蜂和小菜蛾呛小蜂或３种寄生性天敌同时释放才能完全控制小菜蛾下代种群的增长。     

二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生对寄主二化螟幼虫免疫反应的影响

为了探明二化螟盘绒茧蜂Cotesia chilonis (Matsumura)寄生对寄主二化螟Chilo suppressalis (Walker)幼虫血细胞和体液免疫反应的影响,观察并测定了二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生引起二化螟幼虫血细胞数量、延展、存活、吞噬和包囊作用以及血淋巴酚氧化酶活性等的变化。结果显示,二化螟幼虫血细胞总数在寄生后1天即显著高于对照。其中,颗粒血细胞和浆血细胞在寄生后的数量变化均与血细胞总数变化相似,颗粒血细胞在寄生后3天、浆血细胞在寄生后0.5天起即分别与其对照差异显著,但两种血细胞在血细胞总数中各自所占的比例与对照多无显著差异。二化螟幼虫血细胞延展能力在寄生后0.5天受到显著抑制,此后与对照无显著差异;同时寄生可增加寄主血细胞的死亡率。寄主幼虫血细胞的吞噬作用在寄生后2天起显著降低;包囊作用则在寄生后1天起显著降低。二化螟幼虫被二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生后,血淋巴酚氧化酶活性显著升高,但随后呈逐渐下降趋势。研究结果说明,二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生使寄主二化螟幼虫的免疫反应呈现一定的规律变化。     

菜蛾绒茧蜂的寄主选择性及寄生对寄主发育和取食的影响

研究了菜蛾绒茧寄生对寄主幼虫龄期的选择性及对寄主生长发育、取食量的影响。结果表明,该蜂能寄生小菜蛾各个龄期的幼虫,但当２－４龄幼虫同时存在时,偏爱寄生２、３龄幼虫,对２、３、４龄幼虫的选择系数分别为０．３７、０．３９、０．２４。该蜂对４龄幼虫的寄生能力随寄主日龄增大而急剧下降,对进入４龄并发育至该龄期４０％时间以上的幼虫不能寄生。产卵寄生的雌蜂比例也随４龄幼虫日龄增大而急剧下降。小菜蛾幼虫被寄主后     

采用饲喂法和微注射法评价Cry2Aa蛋白对二化螟盘绒茧蜂的安全性

为评价转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1对二化螟盘绒茧蜂Cotesia chilonis的安全性,采用饲喂法和微注射法综合评价转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1对二化螟盘绒茧蜂的影响。结果表明,寄生饲喂转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1的二化螟Chilo suppressalis后,二化螟盘绒茧蜂体内未检出Cry2Aa蛋白,其每茧块茧数、茧长、雄成虫寿命和雌雄比分别为20.00个、2.58 mm、2.34 d和3.10,均显著小于对照,而卵及幼虫的总历期、蛹期、雌成虫寿命、茧质量和成虫质量均与对照差异不显著;寄生微注射Cry2Aa蛋白的二化螟后,除卵及幼虫的总历期和蛹期外,二化螟盘绒茧蜂其他生命表参数和体内过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase,GR）活力均与阳性对照之间差异显著;寄生微注射Cry2Aa蛋白的二化螟后,二化螟盘绒茧蜂所有生命表参数及体内POD、SOD和GR活力均与阴性对照之间无显著差异。表明饲喂法中转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1对二化螟盘绒茧蜂产生的影响是由寄主介导效应引起的,而非Cry2Aa蛋白本身,因此转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1对二化螟盘绒茧蜂安全。