Does matrix resistance influence Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L. 1758) distribution in an urban landscape?

In determining isolation effects in fragmented populations, the landscape matrix is not often considered. Usually simple distance measures are used to quantify degree of isolation. We tested the effect of the matrix on the presence of red squirrels in 354 wooded patches in the Brussels Region, by comparing several isolation measures. These were 1) distance to the nearest source patch, 2) the Hanski-measure (a combination of distance to and size of all possible sources), 3) effective distances calculated from different least cost models using the ArcView grid extension ‘Cost Distance’ (a combination of distance and resistance of the landscape, with different resistances for different landscape types) and 4) some combinations of the Hanski-measure and the effective distances. Size and quality of the target patches were always included in the tests of the predictive power of different isolation measures on squirrel presence/absence. All variables examined (patch size, quality and isolation) significantly influenced squirrel presence. Models using the effective distances gave the best results. Models including the Hanski-measure improved significantly when Euclidean distance was replaced by effective distance, showing that parameterisation of matrix resistance added significant additional explanatory power when modelling squirrel presence. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于低碳与成本约束的机电产品包装概念设计

机电产品的包装需要耗费大量的原木,对环境造成了极大的影响,也增加了机电产品的生产经营成本。文章从低碳和成本约束的角度,对机电产品包装概念设计的模型进行了分析和探讨。     

如何建立成本分析模板服务一拖公司的产品结构调整

介绍一拖公司财务部在传统的成本分析理论基础上,建立了成本因素分析方法,为各单位产品成本管理和决策工作提供及时、快速的分析工具,并协助各单位找出影响利润的关键点,以改善盈利能力,提升产品竞争力;同时,建立完善了产品谱系盈利分析模板,引导一拖公司通过产品结构调整,提升集团公司的创利能力。     

我国甘蔗机械化成本分析及机收效益评价模型的建立

对耕整地、种植、中耕培土及收获环节的机械化生产方式与常规生产方式的成本进行比较分析。结果显示,人工支出在常规生产方式的成本构成中所占比重最大,以机械替代人、畜力节约生产成本14.19%,其中以种植机械化的节约幅度最大,收获在机械化各环节成本构成中所占比重最大,凸显其重要性。并研究建立了"公顷纯收入"的多元线性回归模型,各自变量的贡献由大到小依次为:甘蔗单产、甘蔗收购价、肥料成本、委托机收费用。     

安徽省水稻机械化插秧作业成本构成及效益分析

通过对安徽省的水稻机械化插秧作业成本与效益的数据采集与统计分析,总结出水稻机械化插秧作业成本的主要构成要素及其对作业总成本的影响,得出作业收益与总成本和年作业量间的关系以及不同作业类型的成本与效益差异。同时,为开展机插秧社会化服务,增加机械化插秧效益提出了建议。     

中美玉米生产贸易与比较优势分析——基于成本效益与生产率的视角

在分析中美玉米生产贸易变化趋势的基础上,按照李嘉图比较优势理论研究中国和美国玉米生产的相对比较优势。结果表明,美国玉米生产资金和技术密集决定了美国玉米生产具有明显的竞争优势。与美国相比,中国在玉米生产的土地生产率、技术效率等方面偏低。在相对比较优势方面,中国玉米生产比大豆生产稍具优势,与其他粮食作物相比均不具备比较优势。提高中国玉米生产效益、降低玉米生产成本,需要规范农资市场,实现适度规模经营,加强玉米生产技术集成创新与推广,改造中低产田,实施“沃土工程”。     

Conservation planning with dynamic threats: The role of spatial design and priority setting for species’ persistence

Conservation actions frequently need to be scheduled because both funding and implementation capacity are limited. Two approaches to scheduling are possible. Maximizing gain (MaxGain) which attempts to maximize representation with protected areas, or minimizing loss (MinLoss) which attempts to minimize total loss both inside and outside protected areas. Conservation planners also choose between setting priorities based solely on biodiversity pattern and considering surrogates for biodiversity processes such as connectivity. We address both biodiversity processes and habitat loss in a scheduling framework by comparing four different prioritization strategies defined by MaxGain and MinLoss applied to biodiversity patterns and processes to solve the dynamic area selection problem with variable area cost. We compared each strategy by estimating predicted species’ occurrences within a landscape after 20 years of incremental reservation and loss of habitat. By incorporating species-specific responses to fragmentation, we found that you could improve the performance of conservation strategies. MinLoss was the best approach for conserving both biodiversity pattern and process. However, due to the spatial autocorrelation of habitat loss, reserves selected with this approach tended to become more isolated through time; losing up to 40% of occurrences of edge-sensitive species. Additionally, because of the positive correlation between threats and land cost, reserve networks designed with this approach contained smaller and fewer reserves compared with networks designed with a MaxGain approach. We suggest a possible way to account for the negative effect of fragmentation by considering both local and neighbourhood vulnerability to habitat loss.     

森林生态效益经济补偿综合评估(英文)

长期以来人们忽视了森林产品的非市场价值,从经济角度上来看, 这将导致保护森林资源的难度加大。本文在以前研究的基础之上,综合了恩格尔系数和逻辑斯谛曲线构造了补偿系数,计算了长白山地区森林生态效益的经济补偿值。结果表明,1999 年应支付的总补偿值为637.93 元/公顷,其中70%将直接支付给当地居民和其它相关利益者。这一数值远远高于现有的补偿值。从当前的形势看,中央政府不可能承担所有的森林保护费用和支付所有的保护森林的开支。本文提出可以利用当地政府的财政投资以及将补偿费用纳入到现行财政体系中解决方法。图1 表2参17。     

纤维目数对纤维板力学性能和成本的影响研究

采用热磨法研磨纤维,研究不同纤维目数(40~100目,20~120目,10~130目)对纤维板力学性能和成本的影响。在保证制作质量合格的纤维板试件基础上,对其进行力学性能试验,验证确定纤维目数区间的合理性,并利用确定的纤维目数区间进行密度和施胶量的单因素对比分析;分析其对力学性能和成本的影响。研究结果表明:纤维目数在40~100目时,可通过降低试件密度或减小施胶量,在保证制品较好力学性能的前提下降低制备成本,可实现优质优价经济效益最大化;从纤维板制品制备成本分析得出:采用上述三种纤维目数区间,在保证制品质量要求的前提下,可实现纤维目数区间与制品质量等级的合理匹配,达到合理利用原材料降低成本的效果。     

跨界饮用水源地生态补偿标准定量研究——以平顶山市澧河跨界饮用水源地为例

跨界饮用水源地涉及保护者和受益者两种主体利益,要长期持续地确保饮用水安全,迫切需要引入生态补偿机制作为调节跨界饮用水源地上下游主体利益的经济政策。由于当前河南省生态补偿机制的主要手段是资金补偿,因此补偿标准的确定便成为生态补偿研究的核心内容。作者从核算上游饮用水源地成本投入和生态效益的差额入手,依据水源地水量确定跨界饮用水源地生态补偿标准。以平顶山市澧河跨界饮用水源地为例,平顶山市保护澧河境内饮用水源地的年均投入为2016．77万元,通过生态建设和生态修复而获得的年均生态经济效益为1292．36万元,根据投入成本和生态效益的差额最终确定澧河跨界饮用水源地生态补偿标准为下游取水需要对上游平顸山市补偿0．13元／m3。以上游生态建设成本投入和获得生态效益的差额作为确定跨界饮用水源地生态补偿标准的方法,不仅能够比较准确地测算上游地区的净投入,相对客观、公平地确定补偿金额,同时也能够有效建立上下游行政区的双向激励约束机制。