圆果种黄麻新品种‘闽黄1号’的选育

优质高产抗病圆果黄麻新品种‘闽黄1号’是以圆果种黄麻‘孟引1号’为材料,采用Co602.5万伦琴γ射线辐射诱变,以选择高产、稳产、优质、抗病为目标,经7年9代系谱选择育成。2011-2012年参加全国黄麻新品种区域试验,平均纤维产量3131.25 kg · hm -2,比对照‘黄麻179’（CK1）增产7.45％,比对照‘宽叶长果’（CK2）增产8.08％,均达极显著水平;2012年参加全国黄麻新品种生产试验,平均纤维产量2964.75 kg · hm -2,比对照‘宽叶长果’（CK2）增产7.36％,且纤维品质优良,是一个优质高产抗病的黄麻新品种。     

圆果黄麻花青素的遗传研究

圆果黄麻含花青素细胞主要分布在皮层组织最外一层细胞中。含花青素细胞的相对数量和颜色深浅决定着植株外部色素的强度与分布。遗传上不带有色素原基因C的全绿色品种,任何时候任何部位都不存在花青素细胞。六个品种(永安黄麻、闽侯白皮、红铁骨、平和竹蒿麻、古农红皮和快早红)的五个杂交组合试验表明,回果黄麻古农红皮褐红色的色素表型由复等位基因A~B所决定,其作用强度位于A~D与A~L之间,即A~D—A~B—A~L—A—a。古农红皮、红铁骨和闽侯白皮的基因型分别为CCA~BA~Brr、CCAArr和CCaarr。圆果黄麻花青素的遗传除了受C、A、R三对主效基因控制外,还涉及到修饰因子。     

圆果黄麻茎中花青素的遗传研究

对６个中国圆果种黄麻茎中花青素的遗传研究表明，其Ｆ２代群体有呈３：１，９：３：４，９：７或１３：３的分离比率，此遗传现象可以用Ｃ－ｃ，Ａ＾Ｄ－Ａ＾Ｌ－ａ和Ｒ－ｒ的基因互作和复等位基因的作用解释。     

Evaluation of genetic diversity in jute (Corchorus species) using STMS, ISSR and RAPD markers

Jute is an important fibre crop that has dominated the packaging sector for over one and a half centuries in India. For sustenance of the trade in the face of tough competition from synthetics, there is an urgent need to redesign the ongoing breeding strategy to improve both the yield and quality of jute fibre. It is therefore, essential to understand the pattern of diversity in this important commercial crop species. In the present study, genetic diversity analysis of 20 exotic germplasm lines and 20 commercial varieties of the two cultivated species (Corchorus olitorius and C. capsularis) and two wild relatives of jute (C. aestuans and C. trilocularis) was carried out using sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The first set of six STMS markers developed from the genomic sequence of C. olitorius was not fully transferable to the related species C. capsularis. The level of intraspecific polymorphism revealed by these markers was very low. The four ISSR and 22 RAPD primers employed in the study revealed 98.44% and 100% polymorphism, respectively, across all the species, while the level of polymorphism was significantly low within a species. The commercial varieties, particularly those of C. capsularis, had an extremely narrow genetic base that demands immediate effort for diversification. The germplasm accessions in both the cultivated species showed considerably higher levels of diversity and thus should be used in broadening the base of the varieties. All the accessions of C. olitorius together with the wild species C. aestuans clustered separately from those of C. capsularis and C. trilocularis, suggesting a polyphyletic origin of the two cultivated species.     

圆果黄麻不同品种纤维的发育

3个圆果黄麻品种的纤维发育解剖观察和统计分析表明:(1)纤维组织的数量与株高、茎粗均达极显著正相关.品种问次生纤维开始分化时间均在出苗后21d,而停止发育时间各不同.(2)品种间次生纤维结构的数量差异主要是在植株生长的中后期,以纤维细胞数和纤维束数最突出,两者总数达极显著正相关.(3)成熟纤维细胞的横径和壁厚达显著正相关,3个品种纤维细胞大小顺序为179,梅峰4号和竹篙麻.纤维细胞从生长分化至成熟约需30d,生长成熟的速度与品种、植株发育阶段和温度有关.细胞壁的增厚率随横径扩大速度而相对降低.     

栽培种黄麻花粉形态扫描电镜观察

用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察测量了黄麻圆果种19个品种和长果种3个品种花粉的形态和大小。栽培种黄麻花粉粒为长球形,具3个萌发沟,长条状或狭缝状,极面不汇合,外壁具不规则5～7边形的网状纹饰,每个网眼具有大小和数目不等的许多小孔。不同种和品种花粉的大小、形状和外壁纹饰皆不同。长果种的花粉粒较大,网眼较大,为不规则长多边形;圆果种的花粉粒较小,网眼多为不规则偏方的多边形。花粉粒形状和外壁纹饰均与品种的腋芽有无关系不大,与茎色、叶柄色等特征无关,而与品种的地理来源、亲缘关系和生育期似有联系。不同地理来源的品种其花粉粒形态差异较大;亲缘关系较近的品种花粉粒形态差异较小;生育期较长的品种花粉粒似较长,而生育期短的品种花粉粒较短.初步研究结果表明,黄麻花粉的形态特征可能为黄麻育种和种、品种分类提供参考依据。     

Development of interspecific somatic hybrid cell lines in cultivated jute and their early characterization using jute chloroplast RFLP marker

A strong sexual incompatibility barrier that exists between the two cultivated jute species, Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius, limits the scope for improvement through genetic introgression. Protoplast fusion was carried out to generate interspecific hybrid cell lines. Cotyledonary cell protoplasts of C. capsularis and anthocyaninpigmented hypocotyl protoplasts of C. olitorius were used in the fusion experiments, which appeared to be visually useful in the early selection of the fused products. A chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) marker was developed in jute, which showed species‐specific hybridization patterns with EcoRI‐digested total genomic DNA of C. capsularis and C. olitorius. This cpDNA marker was used in the characterization of the somatic hybrid cell lines at their early stages of growth. Evidence for the presence of both types of cpDNA in the hybrid cell lines was obtained when the total genomic DNA of 4‐ to 7‐month‐old hybrid cell lines was challenged with the chloroplast DNA marker through Southern analysis. It was shown that the early segregation of the parental chloroplasts did not occur in jute, although this is common in other plant species. The hybrid nature of the fused cell lines could also be identified through peroxidase isozyme analysis. Isozyme banding patterns were complex and varied among the hybrid cell lines.     

Effect of Selection for Days to Flower in X-ray Treated Population of Jute (Corchorus capsularis L.)

Dry seeds of an early variety of jute (Fanduk) were X-irradiated to study the effect of selection for days to flower. Variation was induced in days to flower as evident from the high values of genotypic variances and hen lability estimates in the Mi generation. Asymmetric-response was realized in the M4 generation following disruptive selection — response being more towards lateness than earliness. However, significant variances for days to flower were present among both early and late selections in M4 generation. While late lines were superior to the mother variety in plant height and fibre vie Id: pi ant, early lines were inferior to the mother variety in these-traits. Distribution of 15 late lines in fibre yield and plant height classes showed that S lines exceeded the mother variety in fibre yield, plant and 7 of them exceeded it in plant height. In general, gradual shift towards lateness was associated with gradual shift towards greater plant height and fibre yield. Two late lines were very promising and earlier in maturity than the recommended early varieties.     

镉胁迫对黄麻光合作用及隔积累的影响

为揭示镉(Cd)胁迫下黄麻的光合耐性及其对Cd的富集特征,通过土壤盆栽试验分析了Cd胁迫下黄麻的生长、光合色素、气体交换参数及对Cd富集能力的变化.结果表明,当Cd浓度≤10 mg· kg-1时,黄麻根长、株高和各器官生物量降幅较小;而当Cd浓度≥20 mg· kg-1时,根长、株高和各器官生物量降幅进一步增大.随着Cd浓度的升高,黄麻叶片光合色素含量显著降低,但却能维持较高的Chla/b值,这可能有助于黄麻对Cd的耐性.Cd胁迫使净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)显著降低,但胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)随Cd浓度的升高而逐渐增大,表明黄麻光合速率的下降是由非气孔限制因素引起的.随着Cd浓度的升高,黄麻各器官Cd含量和累积量逐渐增大,在浓为100 mg· kg-1Cd处理下,地上部和地下部Cd含量均达到最大值,分别为232.46 mg· kg-1和186.98 mg· kg-1.Cd胁迫下,黄麻地上部和地下部富集系数均大于1,各处理迁移系数在0.85～1.65之间,表明黄麻对Cd有较强的富集和转运能力.Cd浓度为5～ 10 mg·kg-1时,Cd提取率超过1.9％.因此,黄麻是一种潜在的修复轻、中度土壤Cd污染的植物材料.本研究结果为挖掘新的植物修复材料提供了理论依据.     

圆果黄麻成熟叶片总DNA提取及SRAP扩增体系的建立与优化

采用改良的CTAB法从圆果黄麻成熟叶片中提取基因组DNA,对DNA进行电泳检测、含量测定和SRAP分析,并对黄麻SRAP-PCR反应体系中主要影响因子进行了优化,建立了最佳反应体系.结果表明,改良的CTAB法能够提取高质量的DNA,DNA纯度和完整性都较好,经紫外分光光度计测定,D260nm/D280nm均在1.7-1...