Comparing the behavioural thermoregulation response to heat stress by Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) in two rivers

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme thermal events in rivers. The Little Southwest Miramichi River (LSWM) and the Ouelle River (OR) are two Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers located in eastern Canada, where in recent years, water temperatures have exceeded known thermal limits (~23°C). Once temperature surpasses this threshold, juvenile salmon exploit thermal heterogeneity to behaviourally thermoregulate, forming aggregations in coolwater refuges. This study aimed to determine whether the behavioural thermoregulation response is universal across rivers, arising from common thermal cues. We detailed the temperature and discharge patterns of two geographically distinct rivers from 2010 to 2012 and compared these with aggregation onset temperature. PIT telemetry and snorkelling were used to confirm the presence of aggregations. Mean daily maximum temperature in 2010 was significantly greater in the OR versus the LSWM (p = 0.005), but not in other years (p = 0.090–0.353). Aggregations occurred on 14 and 9 occasions in the OR and LSWM respectively. Temperature at onset of aggregation was significantly greater in the OR (T_onset = 28.3°C) than in the LSWM (T_onset = 27.3°C; p = 0.049). Logistic regression models varied by river and were able to predict the probability of aggregation based on the preceding number of hours >23°C (R² = 0.61 & 0.65; P₅₀ = 27.4°C & 28.9°C; in the OR and LSWM respectively). These results imply the preceding local thermal regime may influence behaviour and indicate a degree of phenotypic plasticity, illustrating a need for localised management strategies.     

Movement of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in the stems of lettuce and seed contamination

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians , the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce (BLS), can be seedborne, but the mechanism by which the bacteria contaminates and/or infects lettuce seed is not known. In this study, the capacity of X. campestris pv. vitians to enter and translocate within the vascular system of lettuce plants was examined. The stems of 8- to 11-week-old lettuce plants were stab-inoculated, and movement of X. campestris pv. vitians was monitored at various intervals. At 4, 8, 12 and 16 h post-inoculation (hpi), X. campestris pv. vitians was recovered from 2 to 10 cm above (depending on stem length) and 2 cm below the inoculation site. Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians was also recovered from surface-disinfested stem sections of spray-inoculated plants. Together, these results are consistent with X. campestris pv. vitians invading and moving systemically within the vascular system of lettuce plants. To investigate the mechanism of seed contamination, lettuce plants at the vegetative stage of growth were spray-inoculated with X. campestris pv. vitians and allowed to develop BLS. Seed collected from these plants had a 2% incidence of X. campestris pv. vitians external colonization, but no bacteria were recovered from within the seed.     

Movements by wild brown trout in a boreal river: response to habitat and flow contrasts

Abstract  Radio transmitters were implanted in wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in the River Måna at low summer water flows ( n  = 18), higher flow in summer ( n  =   20), and variable, peaking flows in autumn ( n  =   20), and tracked two to four times day and night for 4–5 weeks. Individuals were caught and released in a 4-km uniformly channelised section, and in a 4-km natural diverse river section. Substantial individual variation in home range and total movement (924–85 818 m² and 295–7014 m) suggested flexibility to adapt to local environmental conditions. Fish were stationary most of the time (median movement 0 m), but some individuals undertook few and apparently sporadic longer movements, sometimes involving shifts in home range. No consistent diurnal pattern in movements was found. Trout in the uniform habitat section appeared to have larger home ranges and moved more than trout in the natural section. Differences were, however, not statistically significant in most comparisons, due to large individual variation. Similarly, larger home ranges and movements between trials related to higher flow were found, but differences were generally not significant. No consistent effects of sudden, extreme peaking flows on area use or movements by the brown trout were observed.     

负水头条件下的水平一维土壤吸渗特征

该文分析了不同负水头条件下土壤水分运动特征,并通过室内模拟试验研究了不同负水头条件下水平一维土壤的吸渗特征,根据Brooks-corey模型推求了描述负水头条件下土壤吸渗公式,并分析了各参量间的函数关系。分析了Philip吸渗公式在负水头条件下的适用性,并对所建立的公式进行检验。研究结果表明：上述理论关系可以很好描述负水头条件下水平一维土壤吸渗过程。     

含运动副间隙汽车摆振系统非线性动力学建模

机构运动副间隙对系统动力学响应有重要影响,有必要将转向机构运动副间隙引入汽车摆振系统动力学分析。基于非线性系统动力学,应用拉格朗日方程建立了考虑转向机构运动副间隙的六自由度摆振动力学模型。通过仿真分析讨论了车速对前轮摆振的影响,结果表明在特定车速范围内前轮会发生自激摆振,这与实际情况吻合,验证了模型的正确性。     

土壤重金属迁移模拟研究的现状与展望

随着工业发展和废弃物的排放不断增加,土壤重金属污染已经成为一个世界性环境问题。土壤重金属的分布转化以及污染修复的研究受到广泛关注,数学模型及计算机模拟研究成为重要的研究手段。该文对土壤重金属迁移的模拟研究的进展进行了回顾与归纳,集中阐述了对流弥散和经验随机两大类模型的特点和应用,并指出了研究中存在的问题及今后研究的发展方向。将数学模拟与土壤重金属信息系统及地理信息系统GIS的有机结合,将有可能为环境保护和农业决策提供新的重要依据。     

Movement and Distribution of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) Adults Under Different Temperature Differences in Different Lengths of Horizontal Grain Columns

Understanding insect movement and distribution is critical for developing an effective insect pest management protocol. Movement and distribution of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) in response to nominal temperature differences of 5, 10, 15, and 20°C in 1- and 2-m horizontal columns filled with 12.5% moisture content wheat were studied in 24, 48, and 72 h of movement times. In the wheat columns without temperature differences, adults had a diffusion distribution pattern caused by their random movement. Adults showed bias movement to the warmer grain in wheat columns with temperature differences and preferred the warmer grain regardless of the magnitude of temperature differences in less than 24 h. Their distribution did not have significant differences among different movement times in 1- or 2-m columns. About 40% of adults moved to the warmer wheat located at 0.4 to 0.5 m in the 1 m column but did not move to the warmer wheat located at 0.9 to 1 m in the 2-m column. Therefore, length of grain column influenced detection of warmer grain by insects. Adults under different temperatures had a similar response as that under linear temperature gradients.     

膜孔灌灌施条件下硝态氮迁移分布规律研究

利用自行研制的膜孔点源入渗装置,测试膜孔灌灌施条件下硝态氮的迁移和分布规律。结果表明:在肥液连续入渗过程中,硝态氮浓度锋运移与水分湿润锋是一致的;随着距离膜孔中心距离的增加,NO3-N含量减小,在湿润锋位置处土壤NO3-N含量急剧减小到本底值;进入再分布过程后,土壤水分运移速度减慢,整个湿润土体内的含水量分布更加均匀;再分布1~7天内,硝态氮含量略有下降,再分布10天后,硝态氮反硝化作用增强,径向处的反硝化作用弱于垂向处,硝态氮含量明显降低。     

Harmonic radar: efficacy at detecting and recovering insects on agricultural host plants

BACKGROUND: In pest management research, harmonic radar systems have been largely used to study insect movement across open or vegetation‐poor areas because the microwave signal is attenuated by the high water content of vegetation. This study evaluated whether the efficacy of this technology is sufficient to track insects in vegetative landscapes. RESULTS: Field efficacy data were collected using portable harmonic microwave radar and electronic dipole tags mounted on adults of three economically important pests: Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), Diabrotica virginifera virginifera (LeComte) and Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst. Detection and recovery of tagged Colorado potato beetles, plum curculios and western corn rootworms was high within and among potato plants, moderate within apple trees and high within, but not between, corn plants respectively. The efficacy of the radar depends on the ability of the operator to move around the host, scanning for a signal ‘sightline’ with the tagged insect among plant structures. CONCLUSION: The detection rate of tagged insects by harmonic radar systems is high enough to track the walking path of pests through low row crops such as potato, tall row crops such as corn or tall but well‐separated trees of orchard‐type crops by adapting the scanning procedure to the vegetative architecture. Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd     

近32年来新疆地区植被覆盖的时空变化

基于拟合的长时间序列数据监测新疆植被时空动态变化。结果表明,近32年来,新疆植被总体呈现增加趋势,但存在明显的阶段变化和空间差异;植被生长季NDVI值西部和西北部高,东部和东南部低;1982-2013年间新疆植被改善面积大于退化面积,绿洲农田植被覆盖区改善明显、草原区退化严重;整个研究区域的植被重心从北向南移动,天山以北的植被重心呈现西南-东北方向移动,天山以南呈现近似东西方向的移动。