小麦4B染色体上LOX基因的等位变异及其区域分布

为了解中国不同麦区小麦种质资源籽粒脂肪氧化酶（lipoxygenase,LOX）活性相关基因TaLox-B1的差异和分布,利用小麦4B染色体上的功能标记LOX16和LOX18对7个麦区的436份种质资源进行分子检测。结果表明：在供试材料中共检测到3种TaLox-B1基因等位变异类型,分别为TaLox-B1a（与高LOX活性相关)、TaLox-B1b（与低LOX活性相关）和杂合型,其频率分别为19.0％、70.4％和10.6％。小麦LOX活性基因不同变异类型在各生态区的分布存在明显差异：基因型TaLox-B1a在黄淮冬麦区、北部冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,其比例分别为21.1%、19.8%和17.6%;基因型TaLox-B1b在西南冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,比例分别为87.9%、72.5%;杂合型仅存在于北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区与长江中下游冬麦区,比例分别为14.2%、12.4%和9.8%。利用标记LOX16和LOX18对53个自选高代品系进行分子检测,发现自选品系仅有TaLox-B1b与杂合型两种基因型,其中基因型TaLox-B1ab有32个,比例为60.4%。采用分子标记辅助选择,有利于快速鉴定小麦籽粒LOX活性,加速LOX的遗传改良和新品种选育。     

普通小麦抗白粉病配合力及其与过氧化物酶的关系

选用6个亲本组配成双列杂交设计,对普通小麦抗白粉病的配合力及基因效应进行了分析。结果表明,白粉病病情指数属于数量性状遗传,符合加性—显性遗传模型,由加性效应和非加性效应共同控制,且以加性效应为主。低病情指数为部分显性。不同亲本之间一般配合力效应及含有的有利显性基因数存在明显差别。因此,选配杂交组合应在一般配合力高的基础上,注重其特殊配合力的选择。研究还表明,感病品种过氧化物酶活性高。     

不同地区黑蚱蝉的形态结构与鸣声比较研究

黑蚱蝉的鸣声和其发音器,具有基本的构造和特性,即种性.但也有一定的地理差异,鸣声有单音色,复合声,主峰频率高低等变化,这和形态的大小,发音器及其辅助发音器的变化相一致.黑蚱蝉的召唤声和求偶声是鸣声分类较理想的类型,而群鸣声不能用于种下分类.     

优质高产菜豆新品种‘无筋2号''

‘无筋2号’为优质高产菜豆新品种，生长势旺盛，耐肥抗倒，播种至采鲜荚生育期45d左右，结荚性好，豆荚饱满，商品性好，适宜速冻加工出口，鲜荚产量17—18t/hm^2，高产地块可达20t/hm^2以上。     

小麦淀粉颗粒蛋白-1突变体挖掘及其相关农艺性状和品质特点的分析

小麦淀粉颗粒蛋-1(starch granule protein 1,即SGP-1)突变体是选育高直链淀粉含量、高抗性淀粉小麦品种的重要基础材料。SGP-1突变缺失,使胚乳中支链淀粉侧链的延伸受阻,从而使胚乳表观直链淀粉含量相对升高,所制食品的抗性淀粉含量也相应提高,具有重要的保健意义。本研究主要是利用SDS-PAGE方法,检测307份国内外农家种、育成种、高代品系及国内外黑小麦材料的SGP-1(SGP-A1、SGP-B1和SGP-D1)蛋白组成,进而发掘SGP-1突变体;并对突变体材料进行相关农艺性状和品质性状特点的分析,为育种利用及品质改良提供参考。结果共检测到4份SGP-1突变体,均为冬性材料,其中国外材料3份(CH62444、EAP74961和Amigo)、高代品系1份(05黑初8),分别为SGP-A1单缺体,SGPA1和-D1双缺体,SGP-A1和-B1双缺体,以及SGP-A1单缺体。在主要农艺性状方面,EAP74961、05黑初8和Amigo抽穗期与石4185(CK)相近,而CH62444则抽穗较晚,并且3份国外材料植株均较高。这4份突变体材料麸皮中的非水溶性戊聚糖含量相对于水溶性戊聚糖占绝对优势,而胚乳中非水溶性戊聚糖含量与水溶性戊聚糖含量则较为接近,但CH62444、Amigo和05黑初8麸皮中的总戊聚糖含量较高(分别为14.33%,15.20%和12.91%),而EAP74961面粉中的总戊聚糖含量(1.34%)较高。在淀粉组分含量方面,4份突变体材料差异不大。     

基于风险与效益模型的政府农业科技投入范围界定

在分析农业科技研发层次与演化流程的基础上,提出了不同研究阶段的农业技术类型和特征,构建了农业科技研发投入风险与效益模型,揭示了政府农业科技投入领域的选择行为,并以此界定了农业科技投入的合理范围。     

Networking of integrated pest management: A powerful approach to address common challenges in agriculture

Integrated pest management (IPM) is facing both external and internal challenges. External challenges include increasing needs to manage pests (pathogens, animal pests and weeds) due to climate change, evolution of pesticide resistance as well as virulence matching host resistance. The complexity of designing effective pest management strategies, which rely less heavily on the use of conventional pesticides, is another external challenge. Internal challenges include organizational aspects such as decreasing trend in budget allocated to IPM research, increasing scarcity of human expertise, lack of knowledge transfer into practice and the communication gap both at country level and between countries, and lack of multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary IPM research. There is an increasing awareness that trans-national networking is one means to overcome such challenges and to address common priorities in agriculture. A large number of stakeholders (researchers, policy makers, growers and industries) are involved in the sector of crop protection, which needs to be coordinated through effective communications and dynamic collaboration to make any IPM strategy successful. Here we discuss a decade-long IPM networking experiences in Europe emphasizing how IPM research, implementation and adoption in Europe may benefit from a broader level networking.     

DTA-6对两种食用豆生理代谢及产量的影响

为探究2-N,N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯（diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate,DTA-6）对食用豆叶片的生理代谢及产量的调控效应,选用芸豆（英国红）和小豆（龙垦2号）为试验材料,采用大田完全随机试验方法,于芸豆和小豆的初花期叶面喷施DTA-6,以喷施清水为对照（CK）,测定各生育时期叶片光合参数、碳代谢产物、干物质、产量及产量构成因素。结果表明：DTA-6提高了2种食用豆各生育期的SPAD值、盛花期和鼓粒期的净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）和胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）,显著增加了叶片蔗糖和可溶性糖的含量,促进了叶片淀粉的积累;与CK相比,DTA-6提高了2种食用豆的地上部单株干物质积累量,并且显著提高了芸豆和小豆鼓粒期荚分配率;DTA-6可有效调控2种食用豆的单株荚数、单株粒数和百粒重,从而提高产量,DTA-6处理的芸豆和小豆产量分别较CK增加13.30%和12.91%,增产显著。     

The influence of feeding history on the acute stress response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The effect of an 80-day maintenance-feeding period on the acute stress response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to net confinement was determined. Fish were raised on an optimal feeding level of 20 g food/kg of metabolic fish weight per day (g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹) until 124 days post-hatch (dph). Feeding in group one (L>H) was then reduced to maintenance levels, i.e. 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ until 204 dph, when the feeding was again increased to 20 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹. In group two (H>L), the feeding level was reduced from 20 to 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ on day 146. All fish were sampled at 226 dph. Food ration had significant effects on the growth rate and food conversion values with fish fed the high ration performing better than those on a lower level. Prior to the application of the stressor, only plasma levels of triglycerides were lower in fish fed a low food ration (H>L). Feeding history influenced the onset of the stress response with stressor-induced elevations of plasma cortisol, glucose and free fatty acids being higher in fish fed a high ration compared with those fed a low ration prior to sampling. These results suggest that feeding history through modification of the energy reserves can influence the onset of the acute stress response.     

鲤鱼种间、种内杂交中杂种优势强度表现的某些规律的初步研究

从1986年至1990年于我所松浦试验场,用黑龙江野鲤、荷包红鲤、兴国红鲤、红镜鲤、散鳞镜鲤、德国镜鲤和柏氏鲤进行了种间、种内14个组合的杂交,系统观察了不同组合亲本和杂种F_1在鳞被、体色、体型、生长、成活率、抗寒力、抗病力和起捕率等8个性状的遗传传递规律及其杂种优势强度,结果是.(1)鲤鱼种内异源杂交几乎所有的杂交组合的杂种F_1都表现出生长优势和对环境抗性的增强,其大小随亲本的亲缘远近和鳞被、体色、体型等性状间的差异而不同。一般品系间杂交,杂种生长的优势率在10％左右;品种间杂交,单交种的生长优势率在15—30％,三杂交种的生长优势率在30％以上。在抗寒、抗病、成活率等抗性上,表现出受其中一个亲本的影响,且有明显的母本效应,并可遗传传递给杂种后代。鳞被、体色、体型的基因效应,对杂种的生长有明显的促进作用。(2)鲤鱼种间杂交几乎不表现杂种优势,其特点:是柏氏鲤和黑龙江野鲤两个野生种间杂交,成活率、抗寒力强烈的表现不亲和性;而柏氏鲤与家养种间的杂交,表现一定的亲和性。亲本和杂种F_1的鳞被、体色仍表现显隐性关系,而体型、抗寒、抗病、成活率、起捕率等受柏氏鲤种质的强烈影响。获得抗寒力的杂种,在第二代时抗寒力明显消失,说明基因转移和整合的不稳定性。用柏氏鲤与散鳞镜鲤杂交的杂种F_1与另一抗寒很强的杂种F_1(黑龙江野鲤♀×红镜鲤♂)的双杂交种F_1,抗寒明显增强。