Anatomy of Vitis Berries During Their Coloring

During 1998-1999, the course of the berry coloring and the development of the pigment cells from veraison to ripeness were studied by freeze sectioning 43 accessions of 12 Vitis species (including 10 Chinese wild species). External observation showed that the berries of most species began coloring on the fruit top surface or on the sun-lit surface, and the berry surface color was evenly distributed when the berry was ripe.Internal observation revealed that the pigment cells in a few layers between cuticle and sub-cuticle colored first, the cuticle colored from inner layers to outer layers while the sub-cuticle from outer to inner, and the cuticle cells began coloring a little earlier than the sub-cuticle ones in most species. The pigment cells developed unevenly during the berry ripening. In the beginning of berry coloring, the cell pigment density among the layers or among the cells in the same layer was different. Both the numbers of the pigmented cells and the cell pigment density increased during the berry coloring, while the former lasted a short time; however, the latter kept increasing from veraison to ripeness, and they reached the deepest color when the berry was ripe.     

腌制猪肉发色工艺研究

[目的]腌制猪肉的发色工艺优化研究。[方法]应用双因素无重复试验和单因素试验得到优化腌制猪肉发色工艺。[结果]腌制试验的优化工艺参数为:冷藏温度(0～4℃)时,添加1%的乳糖,亚硝酸钠和异抗坏血酸钠的添加量分别为0.010%、0.300%时,腌制48h后所得的产品色泽和质地为佳,其工艺品质较好。[结论]在腌制猪肉加工过程中,适当加入亚硝酸盐,可使熟肉制品保持鲜艳的红色,有利于提高腌制猪肉的质量。     

加温促成栽培‘上野’温州蜜柑物候期与品质变化特性研究

以‘上野’温州蜜柑为试材,研究了加温促成栽培柑橘果实成熟期间着色变化与糖、酸积累特性及加温起始时间对柑橘物候期变化的影响。结果表明,12月13日加温可使柑橘1月开花,6月下旬成熟,比露地栽培成熟期提早4个月以上;加温延迟,物候期相应推迟。加温促成栽培柑橘果实的色差值随果实成熟而上升,但成熟时色差a*和b*值都比露地成熟果实低。促成栽培柑橘果实可溶性固形物和糖分含量随果实成熟而上升,可滴定酸与有机酸含量随果实成熟而下降。促成栽培的柑橘果实以积累果糖为主,其次为葡萄糖,蔗糖含量最低,不到总糖含量的1/3。加温促成栽培柑橘着色不良与糖分构成的改变可能与果实成熟期间所处的高温环境有关。     

紫胶红色素异常铜含量的研究

关于紫胶原胶的含铜情况过去尚末见报道,应用原子吸收分光光度法测出紫胶原胶的铜含量为9.49ppm。将紫胶原胶分成粗粒胶、细粒胶、粉胶和紫胶虫尸体四个级分,分别测出其铜含量为8.06ppn、13.44ppm、16.38ppm、49.66ppm。 紫胶原胶中的铜高度富集于紫胶虫尸体之中,它是引起紫胶红色素铜污染的主要污染源。从紫胶的生物来源和紫胶红色素的化学本质分析,紫胶原胶中紫胶红色素的铜污染是不可避免的。     

Solanum scabrum—a potential source of a coloring plant extract

The objective of this study was to examine the potential of Solanum scabrum to provide a colorant for food. We conducted a field trial with eight accessions from four different sources and recorded both morphological variability and fruit yield differences between accessions. Further, anthocyanin and glucoalkaloid concentrations were determined. The accessions could be assigned to two distinct groups: a leafy vegetable type with toxic fruits used in Africa and a berry type with edible fruits known as Garden Huckleberry in North America, but both types had edible leaves with low glucoalkaloid concentrations. The leafy vegetable type set not much fruit. In contrast, the berry type yielded on average 800–900 g berries per plant with remarkable high anthocyanin concentrations of 8.1–13.9 g kg⁻¹ fresh weight, calculated as petunidin 3-p-(coumaryl-runtinoside)-5-glucoside. Thus, S. scabrum can serve as a source for natural anthocyanin pigments. In particular, two accessions with a high fruit yield were promising candidates as a berry crop. One had the best anthocyanin concentration of the examined material and the other one had a low percentage of unripe berries as a further advantage.     

芦柑-苦瓜复合果蔬饮料的工艺研究

[目的]充分利用芦柑和苦瓜的营养特性,开发具有较高营养价值、风味独特的果蔬类饮料。[方法]以具有营养保健功能的芦柑和苦瓜为主要原料制备复合果蔬饮料,通过正交试验和感官评定优选来确定该饮料的工艺配方。[结果]试验得出,芦柑和苦瓜的复合果蔬类饮料的工艺配方为：芦柑汁20%,苦瓜汁10%,砂糖7%,蜂蜜3%,柠檬酸0.2%。[结论]在此工艺下生产的复合果蔬类产品口感清爽,兼有苦瓜和芦柑的营养与风味。     

套袋栽培对红提葡萄果实品质的影响

对驻马店市4年生果园进行套袋试验,研究套袋栽培对红提葡萄果实品质的影响.结果表明,套袋对果实品质有显著影响,增大了果个,单果粒重提高14.2%,增加了果重,单果稳重提高13.6%,并显著降低了病果率,改善了果实的外观品质,商品性得到提高,果实的耐贮性增强,着色度降低,但可通过提前撕袋增加.可溶性固形物含量减少.     

鱼虾体色研究概述

阐述了我国近期关于鱼虾体色的研究进展.着重报道了内分泌与神经系统异常、遗传物质、营养、养殖环境等因素对鱼虾体色的影响,以及饲料中添加着色剂等人工方法有效改善鱼虾体色、提高鱼虾的抗病能力的研究现状及趋势.     

‘红香酥’梨果皮色素变化规律及套袋对其形成的影响

为探讨提高‘红香酥’着色的套袋技术措施,以‘红香酥’梨为试材,研究了果实发育过程中果皮花青苷含量的变化及果园温度、套袋时期对果皮花青苷积累的影响。结果表明,‘红香酥’梨果皮花青苷合成与积累高峰出现在果实发育后期,期间含量有所下降,接近果实成熟时花青苷含量急剧增加,成熟时达到最高峰;叶绿素含量从盛花后100 d开始逐渐降低,至果实成熟时达到最低值;类胡萝卜素含量在盛花后90 d以后一直保持较低的水平;昼夜温差不影响花青苷的积累,但较低的昼夜气温有利于花青苷的积累;花后30 d套袋,果实成熟前60 d去袋可显著提高果皮花青苷含量,但对叶绿素含量影响不显著。单独利用套袋技术不能显著改善‘红香酥’梨果实着色。     

红色砂梨2个品种着色过程中的外观变化及其解剖学结构观察

以红色砂梨(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)品种美人酥和云红梨1号为试材,以套袋处理(果袋类型、去袋方式和去袋时间组合成10个不同的套袋处理)为手段研究了果实着色过程中外观和解剖结构的变化。结果表明,红色砂梨的着色需要有高强度的光照。生长过程中套有不透光袋的果实临近成熟时,只有完全曝光才能大量合成花青苷,而且在很短的时间内(大约2周)果实着色面积、着色程度即可优于对照(不套袋处理)。红色砂梨着色是从果实向阳的一侧先开始,且以果点为中心呈放射状向四周扩展,至采收时果实阳面红色能够均匀分布,但整个果面色泽很难一致。解剖结构分析表明果面呈红色是因为果皮中紧邻表皮层的3～4层细胞存在红色细胞(含有花青苷),在果实着色过程中这些红色细胞数目不断增多,同时细胞内色素浓度不断增大。云红梨1号合成花青苷的能力明显优于美人酥,果实着色更鲜艳。解剖学观察发现云红梨1号的表皮细胞层也含有红色细胞。