Development of an adaptive marine ecosystem management and co-management plan at the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

The Marine Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site, Japan, provides a case study for adaptive marine ecosystem management and co-management of coastal fisheries. Shiretoko was the third World Natural Heritage Site registered in Japan and earned this title because of its (i) formation of seasonal sea ice at some of the lowest latitudes in the world, (ii) high biodiversity, and (iii) many globally threatened species. The natural resource management plan of the Shiretoko site is characterized by transparency and consensus building, because (i) UNESCO and IUCN require that the plan be sustainable and (ii) the Government of Japan has guaranteed local fisheries that there will be no additional regulations included in the plan. The Marine Management Plan describes which species and factors are monitored, how these data are evaluated, and how the benchmarks specified by ecosystem management are determined. The plan will provide a valuable example for the establishment of “environment-friendly fisheries” in Japan and other countries, because it includes voluntary activities by resource users that are suitable for use in a local context, flexible to ecological/social fluctuations, and efficiently implemented through increased legitimacy and compliance. This approach is appropriate for coastal communities where a large number of small-scale fishers catch a variety of species using various types of gear. We develop a method to evaluate fisheries integrity by-catch and yield data.     

中国自然保护区社区共管模式的限制因素分析

自然保护区社区共管的实施,缓解了保护区与社区的矛盾,在促进生物多样性保护与社区经济发展方面取得了显著的效果。然而,由于管理目标冲突、法律法规约束、体制弊端、经费不足、缺乏激励等问题,限制了共管的实施范围及可持续性。通过构建科学的共管运行机制、激励机制、生态教育等措施,突破共管的制约因素,促进自然保护区及其社区的可持续发展。     

广西崇左白头叶猴保护区实施与社区共管的意义及途径

为了加强对白头叶猴的保护,主管部门打算趁着崇左设立地级市的机遇,将崇左县板利和扶绥县芭盆2个呈星散分布的保护区合并为崇左保护区,并适当地扩大其面积,通过建立走廊带将之联结起来。鉴于整个保护区的土地均属集体所有,必须实施与社区共管才能达到预期的目标。本文拟从其独特而优越的生境、存在的主要问题和解决途径以及如何落实到有效管理中3个方面探讨其共同管理问题,供有关方面参考。     

云南屏边大围山自然保护区冲突管理实例研究

在总结和分析大围山自然保护区周围区存在的种种矛盾与冲突的基础上，依据社区情况，对社区能力建设、经济发展、资源共管等方面所作的探索进行了总结，就冲突管理中引申出来的一系列问题作了分析，并提出了相应的解决途径与措施。     

草地共管在红原的实践

草地共管作为一种草地资源管理理念和途径,以草地资源为基础的各利益相关方平等交流与沟通,体现各方的需求和利益,是实现草地共管的基础。共同搭建草地共管平台,共同参与主体活动的实施过程,共同分享共管活动的成果,实现各方资源的整合是确保草地资源共管效果的关键。     

Co-management： transformation of community affair model in Chinese nature reserves

This article analyzes the application of co-management in establishing and zoning nature reserves, explains two types of participatory models, explains the main content and steps required to implement a co-management program, and suggests future direction of co-management. In China, great progress has been achieved since 1956 when the first nature reserve was established. However, conflicts between nature reserve officials and community members, and differences between conservation and utilization of natural resources suggest that the traditional community affair model is unfit to some degree. A more workable and economically sustainable model is recommended. Co-management appears to be the preferred management model. International conservation organizations have carried out projects in Chinese nature reserves in recent years, and co-management is thought to be an effective approach to resolve conflicts coming from community and to improve nature reserves management.     

中国自然保护区社区共管模式的限制因素分析

自然保护区社区共管的实施,缓解了保护区与社区的矛盾,在促进生物多样性保护与社区经济发展方面取得了显著的效果。然而,由于管理目标冲突、法律法规约束、体制弊端、经费不足、缺乏激励等问题,限制了共管的实施范围及可持续性。通过构建科学的共管运行机制、激励机制、生态教育等措施,突破共管的制约因素,促进自然保护区及其社区的可持续发展。     

广大公众参与保护区建设和管理的含义和途径

公众参与保护区的建设和管理是保护区事业的一项重要任务。本文拟就为什么要公众参与、谁应该参与、有哪些参与形式、如何争取参与、有哪些经验值得介绍和共管机制的形成等方面作简要论述，以供有关方面参考。我们认为仅仅依靠保护区管理人员自己远远不能满足保护区事业的要求，本地社区以及有关业务部门、地方政府、非政府组织、公私企业、科教部门、环保人士、旅游者等一系列利益攸关者应该参与，通过提供信息、共同决策、委托或承包全部或部分独立的工作等形式参与，利用各种有效形式如新闻媒体等积极争取参与。并建议保护区与地方政府合并为一体或成立管委会等有效方式形成共管机制。本文以广东车八岭保护区和巴基斯坦卡拉戈拉姆（Cebtral karakoram）国家公园为例阐明了这个问题。     

Investigating social acceptability for public forest management policies as a function of social factors

Several policy instruments have been proposed in order to minimize the negative impacts of local communities' activities on forests. The present paper presents an empirical survey conducted in a Greek forest area on the island of Lesvos, focusing on citizens' perceptions of alternative management scenarios along with the role of social factors on these perceptions. Our results demonstrate that citizens are supportive of policies which are not solely state-based. Furthermore, higher levels of local social capital are positively correlated with citizens' perceptions in favor of proposed co-management policies.     

Stakeholders' perceptions of consultations as tools for co-management — A case study of the forestry and reindeer herding sectors in northern Sweden

The forestry and reindeer herding sectors utilize the same land in northern Sweden, and adversely affect each other's productivity. The common pool resource character of this situation has made it difficult to find ways to resolve conflicts that could threaten the two sectors' continued co-existence. A consultation procedure that was introduced to reduce conflicts does not appear to be effective, since conflicts between the two actors still occur. One reason for this failure might be found in the power distribution between forestry and reindeer herding. Earlier research has shown that a co-management system in which the allocation of power between the stakeholders is uneven is difficult to maintain in the long term. However, it is unclear just how uneven the power distribution is between the two actors in this case, and the consequences the disparity might have for the viability and stability of the management system. Focusing on the power relations within the consultation procedures, this paper explores the potential of the present institutional system to take the different interests of the stakeholders into account and to use the consultation procedures as tools for co-managing the forest resources in northern Sweden.