乳房链球菌对克林霉素耐药基因的定位

采用试管稀释法和纸片法测定9株乳房链球菌对克林霉素的耐药性，通过PCR反应检测克林霉素的耐药性基因，并进行测序比较。发现克林霉素对乳房链球菌的抗菌活力较强，克林霉素耐药基因同时存在于乳房链球菌的染色体和质粒上。     

家兔血浆中克林霉素的HPLC/UV检测

[目的]采用HPLC/UV法检测家兔血浆中克林霉素。[方法]血清样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白后,用二氯甲烷提取。分析柱为C18反相柱,流动相为12.5 mmol/L四丁基硫酸氢铵乙腈溶液-磷酸盐缓冲液(10 mmol/LNa2HPO4,20 mmol/LKH2PO4,pH值3.50)(20/80),柱温40℃,流速1 ml/min。[结果]在上述色谱条件下,克林霉素血浆提取液与空白血浆中其它杂质分离良好。克林霉素血浆浓度标准曲线线性范围为40~8 000 ng/ml,血浆中定量检测限为80 ng/ml(最低),定性鉴定限为40 ng/ml,在80~8 000 ng/ml血浆浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系。总体回收率为(93.50±0.42)%,变异系数低于4.33%。在自动样器中存放24 h、30℃保存以及反复冻融均对克林霉素的稳定性无显著影响。[结论]该方法的选择性、灵敏度和色谱分辨率均很理想,可作为检测血浆中克林霉素的一种标准方法。     

Prevention of shedding and re-shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in experimentally infected cats treated with oral Clindamycin: a preliminary study

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of preventive oral Clindamycin in cats infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Twelve short hair cats were divided into two groups (group 1 and group 2). No titres of T. gondii antibodies were detected in these cats before the experiment. The animals from group 1 were infected with tissue cysts of T. gondii and group 2 were infected and treated with Clindamycin (20 mg/kg/day). The infection was done with almost 40-50 tissue cysts for each cat on day 0. The cats from group 2 were treated with Clindamycin by oral rout for 24 days (from day -3 to day 21). At day 45, the groups 1 and 2 were divided into two subgroups with three animals each. Subgroups 1A and 2A were immunosuppressed with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg/day) for30 days and subgroups 1B and 2B were not immunosuppressed. Faecal exam looking for oocyst shedding was made by 30 days after T. gondii infection, and for 30 days after immunosuppression. All kittens from group 1 shedding oocysts after infection, while animals from group 2 did not shed. After immunosuppression period, all animals from group 1A re-shed oocysts and animals from group 2A remained without shed. However, 2 (66.6%) of the kittens from subgroup 2B shed oocysts 19-20 days after re-challenge. Based on this preliminary study, Clindamycin had a complete inhibitory effect on shedding of oocysts by cats, even under severe immunosuppression, which is a new finding not reported elsewhere.     

牛奶中克林霉素残留量的反相高效液相色谱测定方法

目的:研究建立牛奶中克林霉素残留量的反相高效液相色谱测定方法。方法:样品用水相提取,离心分离,经C18固相萃取柱净化,在205nm波长下用二极管矩阵检测器检测。色谱柱为Agilent ZORBOX SBC18柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),以0.025mol/L磷酸二氢铵溶液∶甲醇(55∶45,V/V)为流动相,流速1.0mL/m in。结果:克林霉素浓度在1.0~10.0μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为80.3%~93.9%,变异系数为1.23%~3.47%,最低检测限为0.5μg/mL。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确。     

克林霉素对雄性小鼠精子功能的影响

[目的]研究克林霉素对雄性小鼠生殖细胞的影响。[方法]取48只健康成年雄性小白鼠,随机分为试验A组、B组、C组和对照组,每组12只小鼠。试验A、B和C组分别注射克林霉素15、30和60 mg/kg.d,对照组腹腔注射生理盐水。29 d后,脱臼处死小鼠,观察小鼠精子的活率、畸形率、精子膜低渗肿胀率。[结果]试验B、C组小鼠精子活率和尾膜肿胀比率低于对照组,而畸形率高于对照组;试验A组小鼠精子活率、畸形率以及尾膜肿胀比率与对照组相比无显著差异。[结论]克林霉素使用剂量等于或超过重度感染使用剂量时会影响雄性小鼠精子的正常功能。     

盐酸克林霉素(clindamycin)的应用研究进展

克林霉素属于洁霉素类抗生素，对革兰氏阳性菌作用较强，该药在人医临床应用广泛，兽医临床应用较少。本文对克林霉素的药理特征、制剂类型、药动学特点、不良反应、检测方法等方面进行了综述，旨在全面评估克林霉素，以便为在兽医临床上合理应用该药提供依据。     

Canine Cutaneous Neosporosis: Clinical Improvement with Clindamycin

Résumé— Une dermite pyogranulomateuse provoquée par le protozoaire Neospora caninum a été diagnostiquée chez un Golden Retriever de 12 ans. Le nombreux nodules fistulisés étaient localisés au niveau de la tête et du thorax. De nombreux tachyzoites de N. caninum ont été retrouvés dans les biopsies des nodules et le diagnostic a été confirmé pas immunohistologie et examen en microscopie électronique. Le chien avait un titre de sérologie Neospora caninum de 3200 par immunofluorescence indirecte. Après un traitement à base de clindamycine pendant 45 jours, les lésions cutanées ont disparu. Le chien est probablement mort à cause d'un lymphosarcome. Il existait aussi une infection latente àToxoplasma gondii. les Neospora caninum n'ont pas pu être retrouvés par des techniques biologiques ni en culture ou par inoculation de souris à partir de prélèvements nécropsiques. Seuls des tachyzoites dégenérés ont pu être observés histologiquement. Ces observations montrent que la néosporose peut être envisagée dans le diagnostic différentiel des dermites pyogranulomateuses du chien et que la clindamycine est un médicament efficace pour traiter la néosporoe canine. [Dubey, J. P., Metzger, F. L., Hattel, A. L., Lindsay, D. S., Fritz, D. L. Canine cutaneous neosporosis: clinical improvement with clindamycin (Néosporose cutanée canine: amélioration clinique par la clindamycine). Resumen— Se diagnosticó una dermatitis piogranulomatosa causada por el protozoo parásito Neospora caninum en un perro de raza Golden Retriever de 12 años. El animal presentaba varios nódulos en la piel de la cabeza y tórax. Se observaron numerosos taquizoitos de N. caninum en los cortes histológicos de tejido obtenido mediante biopsia de dichos nódulos y el diagnóstico fue confirmado por tinción inmunohistológica y por microscopia electrónica. El perro mostró un titulo de anticuerpos contra N. caninum de 1:3,200 en la prueba de fluorescencia indirecta. Las lesiones cutáneas se resolvieron tras un tratamiento con hidroclorido de clindamicina durante 45 dias. El perro murió posteriormente a causa de un linfoma y presentaba también una infestación latente por Toxoplasma gondii. No se pudo demostrar la presencia de Neospora caninum mediante bioensayos en cultivos celulares ni en ratones inoculados con tejido canino obtenido en la necrospia. Tan solo se pudieron observar taquizoitos degenerados de N. caninum en tejido cutáneo obtenido en la necrospia. Estos hallazgos indican que se debe incluir neosporosis en el diagnóstico diferencial de dermatitis piogranulomatosas en el perro y que la clindamicina puede ser un fármaco eficaz para el tratamiento de la neosporosis cutánea. [Canine cutaneous neosporosis: clinical improvement with clindamycin (Neosporosis cutánea canina: mejora clinica con clindamicina). Abstract— Pyogranulomatous dermatitis caused by the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum was diagnosed in a 12-year-old Golden Retriever dog. Multiple draining nodules were located in the skin of the head and thorax. Numerous tachyzoites of N. caninum were found in histologic sections of the biopsy tissue from the cutaneous nodules and the diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemieal staining and by electron microscopic examination. The dog had a 1:3200 serum antibody titer to N. caninum in the indirect fluorescent antibody test. The cutaneous lesions resolved after a 45-day treatment with clindamycin hydrochloride. The dog eventually died because of lymphosarcoma and also had a latent infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Neospora caninum could not be demonstrated by bioassays in cell culture or mice inoculated with canine tissue obtained at necropsy. Only degenerating N. caninum tachyzoites were seen in skin tissue taken at necropsy. These observations indicate that neosporosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pyogranulomatous dermatitis in dogs and that clindamycin may be an effective drug for treating cutaneous neosporosis.     

Clindamycin bioavailability and pharmacokinetics following oral administration of clindamycin hydrochloride capsules in dogs

Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic behaviour of clindamycin in dogs was investigated following intravenous (IV) and oral (capsules) administration of clindamycin hydrochloride, at the dose of 11 mg/kg BW. The absorption after oral administration was fast, with a mean absorption time (MAT) of 0.87+/-0.40 h, and bioavailability was 72.55+/-9.86%. Total clearance (CL) of clindamycin was low, after both IV and oral administration (0.503+/-0.095 vs. 0.458+/-0.087 L/h/kg). Volume of distribution at steady-state (IV) was 2.48+/-0.48 L/kg, indicating a wide distribution of clindamycin in body fluids and tissues. Elimination half-lives were similar for both routes of administration (4.37+/-1.20 h for IV, vs. 4.37+/-0.73 h for oral). Serum clindamycin concentrations following administration of capsules remained above the MICs of very susceptible microorganisms (0.04-0.5 microg/mL) for 12 or 10 h, respectively. Time above the mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) is considered as the index predicting the efficacy of clindamycin (T(>MIC) must be at least 40-50% of the dosing interval), so a once-daily oral administration of 11 mg/kg BW of clindamycin can be considered therapeutically effective. For less susceptible bacteria (with MICs of 0.5-2 microg/mL) the same dose should be given but twice daily.     

甲硝唑联合克林霉素对母牛细菌性阴道炎的疗效观察

探讨甲硝唑联合克林霉素治疗母牛细菌性阴道炎的临床效果。方法:将确诊患有细菌性阴道炎的病牛25头,分为三组。I组为观察组,患病母牛11头,用甲硝唑和克林霉素治疗;II组为对照组1,患病母牛6头,用甲硝唑治疗; III组为对照组2,患病母牛8头,用克林霉素治疗。甲硝唑注射液,5～6g/头,24 h/次,连用5d,静脉滴注;克林霉素,1.5～2g/头,24 h/次,连用5d,静脉滴注。治疗1个疗程后,对治愈母牛进行发情观察和人工授精配种。结果：①观察组临床治疗有效率为90.91％,显著高于对照组1（80.33％）和对照组2（75％）（p＜0.05）;②观察组平均治疗效果为72.25％,显著高于对照组1（64.92％）和对照组2（57.89％）（p＜0.05）③观察组、对照组1、对照组2和健康对照组牛发情率分别为81.82%、83.33%、75%和87.5%,观察组、对照组1和健康对照组显著优于对照组2,观察组、对照组1和健康对照组无显著差异;配种受胎率分别为72.72%、66.67%、62.5%和75%,观察组、健康对照组显著优于对照组1和对照组2（p＜0.05）;产活犊率分别为100%、75%、80%和100%,观察组、健康对照组显著优于对照组1和对照组2（p＜0.05）。结论：甲硝唑联合克林霉素治疗母牛细菌性阴道炎疗效显著,药物安全性高,不影响母猪的繁殖性能,具有临床推广价值;甲硝唑、克林霉素次之。