辽宁地区杂交水稻F1代和亲本之间萌发种子和幼苗的生理特性

对3个杂交水稻组合的部分生理特性的研究结果表明：杂交水稻F1代过氧化物酶（POD）活性在萌发第1天时明显高于亲本。在第3天和第5天都较亲本低，杂交水稻F1代的时绿素合成能力、苗期叶长的过氧化物酶活性、萌发种子过氧化氢酶活性均介于亲本之间，苗期叶长的过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性及亲本无明显差异。     

Effect of hot air,UV-C,white light and modified atmosphere treatments on expression of chlorophyll degrading genes in postharvest broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) florets

Several treatments were applied in order to delay postharvest degreening in broccoli florets and investigate their effects on genes associated with chlorophyll catabolism. Degradation of chlorophylls is the most evident visual manifestation of broccoli postharvest deterioration, occurring rapidly due to the immature stage in which the material is harvested. Treatments such as storage in modified atmosphere, exposure to hot air, UV-C and white lamps were employed in the current work to induce a delay in degreening and chlorophyll degradation. Expression of genes possibly related to chlorophyll catabolism was analyzed in these samples and discussed. Chlorophyllases, the enzymes traditionally believed to remove the phytol side chain from chlorophyll appear to have a gene expression that was not regulated by postharvest treatments. Pheophytinase, a recently discovered new enzyme in this metabolic pathway, correlated chlorophyll loss accurately in heat, UV-C and white-light treatments, but not in modified atmospheres. Results presented in this work indicate that postharvest treatments that delay chlorophyll degradation have a higher effect on the expression of pheophytinase rather than on chlorophyllase genes.     

Response of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to mulching practices under planted greenhouse condition

Mulch is considered a desirable management technology for conserving soil moisture, improving soil temperature and soil quality. This study aimed to investigate soil conditions and hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) performance in terms of leaf photosynthetic capacity, fruit yield and quality, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under such practices in greenhouse condition. A field experiment across 3 years was carried out with four types of mulch (without mulch [CK], wheat straw mulch [SM], plastic film mulch [FM], and combined mulch with plastic film and wheat straw [CM]). Mulch could improve soil physical properties regardless of mulch materials. FM and CM treatments improved soil moistures status and soil temperature in comparison to CK control, while SM increased soil water content and decreased soil temperature. Mulch increased leaf net photosynthesis rate (P_N), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (E), but declined instant water use efficiency (WUEi). No significant effect of mulch application on chlorophyll fluorescence was existent for the entire growth season. Fruit yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) showed some increment under all the mulch conditions. Compared to CK, the yield was enhanced by 82.3%, 65.0%, and 111.5% in 2008; 38.1%, 17.4%, and 46.5% in 2009; and 14.3%, 6.5%, and 19.6% in 2010 under SM, FM, and CM conditions, respectively. Although FM produced better fruit quality than other treatments, CM is the recommended practice for hot pepper cultivation in greenhouse condition due to working well to facilitate soil condition (moisture and temperature), plant growth, and marketable yield.     

Enzymatic activity and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) after exposure to low doses of chlorsulfuron and cadmium

The aim of this research was to study the influence of chlorsulfuron residue and cadmium on the enzymatic activity and photosynthetic apparatus of maize(Zea mays L.) plants. Chlorsulfuron and cadmium at 0.001 and 5.0 mg kg–1, respectively, were mixed and applied to soil prior to planting. The levels of chlorsulfuron-and cadmium-induced stress to plants were estimated by growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxide content, enzyme activities, and major fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll(revealed by the fluorescence imaging system Fluor Cam). Chlorsulfuron negatively affected the chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in the dark-adapted state, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II, photochemical quenching coefficient, and steady-state fluorescence decline ratio in the leaves of maize seedlings. However, cadmium did not produce noticeable changes. Plants that were exposed to both chlorsulfuron and cadmium showed an obvious increase in the steady-state fluorescence decline ratio. These results implied that the seedlings possessed more resistance to cadmium than to chlorsulfuron and their resistance to chlorsulfuron toxicity was enhanced by the presence of cadmium. The results also suggested that chlorophyll fluorescence imaging reveals overall alterations within the leaves but may not reflect small-scale effects on tissues, as numeric values of specific parameters are averages of the data collected from the whole leaf.     

桑沟湾水域叶绿素a在海带收获前后的变化及其影响因素

依据2014年5月和8月2个航次走航和定点连续调查资料,分析了桑沟湾水域叶绿素a的空间分布及海带养殖区叶绿素a(Chl.a)的昼夜变化特征,同时结合所调查的温度、盐度 、pH和营养盐等分布特征,分析了桑沟湾水域Chl.a浓度与理化因子的关系,探讨了海带收获前后Chl.a的变化及其影响因素。(1)走航调查的结果显示,桑沟湾夏季Chl.a浓度显著高于春季。桑沟湾春季表、底层总Chl.a浓度均值分别为(0.67±0.39)和(0.50±0.31)μg/L,表层Chl.a浓度高于底层,春季表层整体表现出自湾内向湾外逐渐降低的趋势;夏季表、底层总Chl.a浓度均值分别为(3.39±1.53)和(3.12±1.43)μg/L,表层Chl.a浓度高于底层。桑沟湾夏季表层Chl.a高值区出现在海带养殖区,低值区出现在贝类养殖区,夏季底层Chl.a高值区出现在贝类和海带养殖区,低值区出现在外海区。(2)定点连续监测结果显示,春季海带养殖区Chl.a浓度变化范围在0.24~0.95 μg/L,均值为(0.70±0.19)μg/L,昼夜波动较小。而夏季海带养殖区Chl.a浓度变化范围在2.01~4.66 μg/L,均值为(3.04±0.82)μg/L,昼夜波动较大。桑沟湾海带养殖区夏季Chl.a浓度显著高于春季。春季海带养殖区营养盐平均浓度及硅磷比、氮磷、硅氮比均显著低于夏季。(3)桑沟湾春季表层Chl.a浓度主要与温度、硅酸盐呈显著正相关,而夏季底层Chl.a浓度与盐度呈显著正相关。桑沟湾海带收获前后Chl.a的变化及分布受温度、硅酸盐、盐度、养殖环境状况和水文环境的共同影响,多元的贝藻养殖模式是影响Chl.a变化及分布的重要因素。     

氮肥不同比例分期施用对超高产玉米叶片保护酶活性的影响

【目的】研究不同氮肥施用方式对超高产玉米叶片保护酶活性变化规律的影响,为玉米超高产模式研究提供理论依据。【方法】以超高产玉米品种先玉335为试验材料,在氮肥总量一定的条件下,按分配比例不同设6个处理:N1.底肥100%;N2.底肥80%,拔节期追施20%;N3.底肥80%,拔节期追施10%,吐丝期追施10%;N4.底肥60%,拔节期追施40%;N5.底肥60%,拔节期追施30%,吐丝期追施10%;N6.底肥60%,拔节期和吐丝期均追施20%,研究氮肥不同比例分期施用对玉米产量、叶片保护酶(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT))活性及丙二醛(MDA)、叶绿素(Chl)和可溶性蛋白含量的影响。【结果】N6处理玉米产量最高,N2处理玉米产量最低,N6处理比N4、N1、N2处理分别增产7.3%,10.2%,11.1%。在灌浆期以前,各处理叶片叶绿素及可溶性蛋白含量差异不显著;灌浆期以后,N6、N5处理叶片叶绿素及可溶性蛋白含量显著高于N4、N1、N2处理。在吐丝期以前,各处理叶片保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性及MDA含量差异不显著,吐丝期以后N6、N5处理的叶片保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性显著高于N4、N1、N2处理,而MDA含量则显著低于N4、N1、N2处理。【结论】氮肥不同比例分期追施使玉米叶片生育后期保护酶活性增强,延缓了玉米叶片的衰老速度,提高了产量。氮肥最佳施用模式为60%作底肥,拔节期和吐丝期均追施20%,玉米产量最高可达14 852.2 kg/hm2。     

湖北省保安湖水体营养状态监测与分析

[目的] 探究湖北省保安湖水体营养状态时空特征,分析影响湖泊水体叶绿素a的主要影响因子,为其生态修复与保护提供科学依据。[方法] 在湖区设置监测点位,于2019—2021年进行取样监测分析,并运用综合营养状态指数(TLI)评价湖区的营养状态。采用空间自相关分析对保安湖营养状态的空间相关性与聚集程度进行研究。通过Logit模型分析叶绿素a浓度变化的关键水环境影响因子。[结果] 保安湖TLI变化范围为47.25～55.86,营养状态在中营养和轻度富营养间波动。湖区营养状态整体呈现显著的正空间自相关关系,其Global Moran’s I分别为0.46,0.93,0.60,0.31,0.60和0.62。主体湖南部是TLI的热点(高/高集聚)区域(p<0.01),扁担塘湖区是TLI的冷点(低/低集聚)区域(p<0.01)。影响叶绿素a浓度变化的主要水环境因子排序为：透明度>TP>pH值>COD_Mn>水深>DO,均与叶绿素a浓度有显著相关性。[结论] 湖区水体营养状态良好。流域内应通过控制农田水土流失及养殖业面源污染,加强入湖河道治理等方式减少外源磷输入,采用生态水位调控和修复水生植被等措施来进一步改善水体营养状态。     

珠三角地区密养淡水鱼塘水体叶绿素a及水环境动态研究

于2012年5月—12月调查了珠三角地区主养笋壳鱼(Oxyeleotris marmoratus)、草鱼 (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、加州鲈(Micropterus salmoides)和乌鳢(Channa argus)四个品种池塘水体中的叶绿素a(Chl a)含量和水环境因子动态变化。通过方差分析和多重比较方法研究池塘间水质因子的差异,使用逐步回归方法分析池塘中Chl a含量变化的影响因子,使用自组织神经网络(SOM)分析方法探讨池塘水质状况。研究结果显示：池塘水体TN、TP和化学耗氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD_Mn)变化范围分别为1.52~22.76 mg/L、0.20~4.82 mg/L和3.71~50.76 mg/L,呈现出严重富营养化和有机污染状况;池塘间Chl a含量差异显著（P<0.05）,从高到低顺序为：草鱼（均值）>乌鳢>加州鲈>笋壳鱼,各池塘Chl a含量的影响因子差异较大;乌鳢池塘中盐度（Sal）、电导率(Cond)、总可溶性固体(TDS)、TP、PO₄^3--P、TN、NO₃^--N和COD_Mn等因子显著高于其他品种(P<0.05);整个采样期池塘水质状况可分为5大类,并呈现出一定的时序和空间特征,池塘水质优劣顺序为笋壳鱼>加州鲈>草鱼>乌鳢。     

3 种微藻对人工污水中氮磷去除效果的研究

以分离自大沙河淡水水域的小球藻 PKU AC201 ( Chl or el l a sp.PKU AC201)及分离自深圳湾海水水域的 两株微藻小球藻 PKU AC117( Chl or el l a sp.PKU AC117) 和链带藻 PKU AC128（Desmodesmussp.PKU AC128）为材料、 研究其对人工污水中氮和磷的去除效果。 结果表明、培养 7 d、淡水小球藻、海水小球藻和链带藻的 OD 680 可分别达到 1. 4、1. 2、0. 5、生物量分别达到 158. 5、139. 7、58. 8 mg/ L、对氨氮的去除率分别达到 90. 0% 、80. 2% 、57. 1% 、对可溶性磷酸 盐的去除率分别达到 94. 7% 、72. 2% 、55. 1% ;3种微藻对污水具有较好的耐性、 通过同化吸收作用而非吸附作用可有 效地去除人工污水中的氮磷、且小球藻的生长情况及对氮磷的吸收情况均优于链带藻。     

Photosynthetic characteristics and protective mechanisms against photooxidation during high temperature stress in two citrus species

Exposure of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) plants to high temperature (38 °C) led to reductions of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), the photorespiration rate (Pr), the quantum efficiency CO₂ assimilation (ΦCO₂${\Phi }_{\text{C}{\text{O}}_2}$), the maximal photochemical efficiency of PS2 (Fv/Fm), the photochemical quenching (qP) and the quantum efficiency of PS2 photochemistry (Φ_PS2), whereas the minimal fluorescence yield (Fo) and the non-photochemical quenching (qN) increased. Increase in the value of Pr/Pn and ΦPS₂/ΦCO₂${\Phi }_{\text{PS}2}/{\Phi }_{\text{C}{\text{O}}_2}$ was attributed to the greater decrease in Pn and ΦCO₂${\Phi }_{\text{C}{\text{O}}_2}$ than Pr and Φ_PS2. In addition, the superoxide radical (O₂⁻) production, the H₂O₂ concentration and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as the superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), the ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), the dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) and the catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) were raised. On the other hand, the chlorophyll concentration in leaves decreased during high temperature stress. These results suggest that decline in Pn related to inactivation of PS2 reaction centers may be due to the enhanced number of active oxygen species in the citrus leaves. The water–water cycle may play a role in limiting the degree of photodamage caused by high temperature. Lower O₂⁻ production rate, the H₂O₂ concentration and the antioxidant enzymes activity were observed in high temperature tolerant species of citrus. The exogenous active oxygen scavenger ascorbic acid (Asc) enhanced the ability to clear the O₂⁻ in citrus plants, and quicken the recovery of photosynthetic apparatus.