欧洲鹅耳枥光响应曲线模型拟合与应用

为筛选出欧洲鹅耳枥(Carpinus betulus)及其4个品种(Carpinus betulus‘Albert Beekman’、Carpinus betulus‘Frans Fontaine’、Carpinus betulus‘Lucas’、Carpinus betulus‘Fastigiata’)光响应曲线拟合的最优模型,并找出北京和南京两地光合能力较强的品种,采用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型及直角双曲线修正模型对欧洲鹅耳枥及其4个品种在北京和南京两地的光响应曲线进行拟合。研究发现,(1)欧洲鹅耳枥及其4个品种光响应模型拟合效果依次为直角双曲线修正模型非直角双曲线模型直角双曲线模型;(2)北京地区欧洲鹅耳枥及其4个品种的光合能力由强到弱依次为C.betulus‘Fastigiata’C.betulus‘Albert Beekman’C.betulus‘Lucas’C.betulus‘Frans Fontaine’C.betulus,南京地区光合能力由强到弱依次为C.betulus‘Fastigiata’C.betulusC.betulus‘Lucas’C.betulus‘Albert Beekman’C.betulus‘Frans Fontaine’。(3)C.betulus‘Lucas’、C.betulus‘Fastigiata’和C.betulus更适宜在南京地区生长,而C.betulus‘Albert Beekman’、C.betulus‘Frans Fontaine’更适宜在北京地区生长。     

鹅耳枥苗期生长特性和叶绿素荧光年变化

以两年生鹅耳枥(Carpinus turczaninowii)播种苗为研究材料,对幼苗的物候和苗高、地径等生长特性以及叶绿素荧光年变化进行研究。结果表明,Logistic方程对苗高、地径年生长节律拟合效果明显,效果较好。同时将幼苗生长时期划分为"慢—快—慢"3个阶段,各阶段明显。6月、8月和9月中旬是地径生长的3次高峰期,而苗高仅出现一次连续快速生长期(6~7月中旬)。通过相关性分析得出,苗高、地径生长密切相关,呈线性生长关系。多元回归分析得出,影响苗高生长的主导环境因子是旬平均气温,所选气象环境因子对地径生长影响不显著。幼苗全年叶绿素荧光测定得出,Fv/Fm值全年波动不大,表明植物受环境胁迫影响较小,幼苗生长状态良好。     

欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗对盐胁迫的生长及生理响应

[目的]探讨欧洲鹅耳枥(Carpinus betulus)对盐胁迫的响应及其耐盐性。[方法]以两年生欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗为材料,用不同浓度NaCl(0%,0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%,0.5%)溶液处理幼苗,研究不同盐分胁迫对其幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响。[结果](1)随着盐胁迫的加剧,欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗受到损害程度逐渐加重,相对苗高生长、相对地径生长和总干重均呈下降趋势,而根冠比则逐渐增大;(2)叶片相对含水量随着盐胁迫程度的增加而下降,且盐浓度越高,时间越久,变化幅度越大;(3)叶片叶绿素总量、SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量随着盐胁迫程度的增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势;(4)随着盐浓度的增加和盐害时间的持续,幼苗叶片MDA含量、相对电导率和脯氨酸含量总体上呈增大趋势,并在胁迫末期达到最大值。[结论]欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗在0.1%~0.2%盐胁迫下能通过调节保护酶活性和渗透调节物质来减轻危害;而在0.3%胁迫下,幼苗自我调节能力受影响,0.4%~0.5%胁迫对其造成严重的损害,表明欧洲鹅耳枥耐盐性较弱,不宜在滨海地区生长。     

Leaf litterfall concentrations and fluxes of elements in deciduous tree species

The influence of tree species and soil properties on leaf litterfall concentrations and fluxes of elements were studied in three mixed deciduous forest stands. Leaf litterfall fluxes of sixteen elements were measured during autumn defoliation in 100 to 150 yr old individuals of Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus robur L., Carpinus betulus L., Tilia cordata Mill, and Acer platanoides L. Compared to throughfall and precipitation, leaf litterfall dominated the flux of P, Ca, Mn, N and Mg (in decreasing order) to the soil below the tree canopies. For K and especially S and Na, however, the importance of leaf litterfall input to the total fluxes was small. Fluxes and especially concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, P and partly N were positively related to base saturation of the soil, while Mn was negatively related due to a higher mobilization rate and plant uptake of this element on acid soils. Litterfall fluxes for C. betulus were strongly positively influenced by base saturation and fluxes were usually higher than for F. sylvatica and Q. robur at the richest site. Quercus robur had often the lowest fluxes, especially of Ca and Mg. Tilia cordata had the highest leaf litter concentrations in twelve of the sixteen elements, and the highest fluxes particularly of N and K. Acer platanoides had the highest or among the highest concentrations and fluxes of Ca, Zn and Mn. The concentration of Al in C. betulus leaf litterfall, was about five times higher than in all other tree species at all sites.     

Brenneria spp. and Rahnella victoriana associated with acute oak decline symptoms on oak and hornbeam in Iran

Decline diseases of forest trees are complex syndromes not attributable to single causal factors. In Iran, symptoms of decline disease have been observed in a number of native forest species including Quercus castaneifolia (chestnut‐leaved oak), Q. brantii (Persian oak) and Carpinus betulus (hornbeam). The symptoms are prevalent in the northern forests and the Zagros mountain forests. There are parallels between the disease in Iran and acute oak decline (AOD) reported in the UK, specifically the presence of weeping cankers, which have been attributed to a polybacterial complex wherein Brenneria goodwinii is considered a key necrogen. Based on the AOD symptomatology, and as a first step towards discovering potential causal agents of the stem weeping symptoms of affected trees in Iran, necrotic tissues were tested primarily for the presence of B. goodwinii. Symptomatic Q. castaneifolia and C. betulus from the Mazandaran Province and symptomatic Q. brantii from Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province were sampled. Isolation and culture on a selective medium yielded uniform bacterial colonies. Isolates were characterized using phenotypic and genotypic (DNA sequencing) tests. The isolates were phenotypically identical to members of Pectobacteriaceae and Yersiniaceae, specifically Brenneria and Rahnella spp. The nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes gyrB, infB and atpD (MLSA) amplified via PCR demonstrated that the isolates from the trees in Iran were indeed B. goodwinii, B. roseae subsp. roseae, Rahnella victoriana and an unknown species of Brenneria. Most bacteria isolated from non‐symptomatic trees were Gram‐positive, and Pseudomonas spp. were dominant, but bacterial species isolated from the diseased trees were not detected in healthy trees. Hypersensitivity response tests were positive, but inoculation on saplings was more variable with internal necrosis developing only once in the test period. Therefore, further testing is required. This is the first report of the incidence of B. goodwinii, B. roseae subsp. roseae, R. victoriana and Brenneria sp. associated with acute oak decline‐like symptoms on Q. castaneifolia, Q. brantii and C. betulus across the western forests of Iran and in the world.     

氮素营养对欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

【目的】比较不同氮素水平对欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗生长及光合特性的影响,以确定适宜的施氮量。【方法】以1年生盆栽欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗为试验材料,采用完全随机区组设计,设置不同氮素施用量(CK:0mg/株;N1:100mg/株;N2:200mg/株;N3:300mg/株;N4:400mg/株)处理,氮肥按设计用量均分为2次施入,分析不同施氮处理下欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗苗高、地径、生物量及光合特性的变化规律。【结果】随着施氮量的增加,欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗苗高、地径、叶片数、叶面积、各部分生物量、比叶重、苗木质量指数均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且均在施氮量为200mg/株时达最大值;根冠比随氮素施用量的增加呈下降趋势,氮肥更有利于幼苗地上部分(主要为叶片)的生长。幼苗的光合参数与生长表现一致,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶绿素a、b及总量随氮素施用量增加均呈先上升后下降趋势,且均在施氮量为200mg/株时达最大值,而胞间CO2浓度呈先下降后上升趋势。生长指标中苗高、地径、叶片数、叶面积、总生物量、比叶重与质量指数间均呈显著正相关,光合指标中净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度间呈显著正相关,这3个指标与胞间CO2浓度均呈显著负相关。【结论】经一元二次方程回归分析,本试验条件下欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗适宜的施氮量为177~241mg/株。     

越夏期不同欧洲鹅耳枥品种耐热性评价

以欧洲鹅耳枥原种(Carpinus betulus)及其4个园艺品种贝克曼（Albert Beekman）、弗兰斯（Frans Fontaine）、卢卡斯（Lucas）、法斯塔（Fastigiata）为试验材料,观察其在南京地区自然越夏的田间性状表现,分析其越夏过程中生理生化指标的变化,并应用隶属函数法和系统聚类法对欧洲鹅耳枥各品种耐热性进行综合评价。综合评价后得出欧洲鹅耳枥各品种耐热性强弱依次为弗兰斯>贝克曼>法斯塔>原种>卢卡斯。热害指数和相对电导率能较好地反映欧洲鹅耳枥耐热性强弱,但部分生理生化指标在越夏期内变化规律性不强,应采用综合评价法进行耐热性比较。欧洲鹅耳枥各品种在南京地区可安全越夏,其耐热性综合评价结果与自然越夏田间性状表现一致。     

Effects of litter quality and parent material on organic matter characteristics and N-dynamics in Luxembourg beech and hornbeam forests

To test effects of litter quality and soil conditions on N-dynamics, we selected seven forests in Luxembourg dominated by beech (Fagus sylvatica, L.) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), and located on acid loam, decalcified marl or limestone, and measured organic matter characteristics, microbial C and N and net N-mineralization in a laboratory incubation experiment. Organic layer characteristics were significantly affected by species, with lower litter decay and higher accumulation under the less palatable beech, even on limestone. However, beech and hornbeam did not show any differences in N-cycling at all. Instead of species, N-cycling was affected by site conditions, albeit different than expected. Microbial N generally increased from acid loam to limestone, but acid loam showed higher net N-mineralization, especially in the organic layer. Also, acid loam showed high instead of low efficiency of N-mineralization per unit microbe, in both organic layer and mineral topsoil. In addition, acid loam showed net consumption of DOC instead of release in both soil layers, which suggests that not N, but C was a limiting factor to decomposition. In contrast, limestone showed low net N-mineralization in the organic layer, despite high mass and well-decomposed organic matter, and low efficiency of N-mineralization per unit microbe in both organic layer and mineral topsoil. DOC was net released instead of consumed, which supported that not C, but N was a limiting factor. The general lack of differences in net N-cycling between species, but relatively clear site effects, is discussed in relation to different microbial strategies. Acid soil may have high net N-release despite low biological activity, because N-requirements of fungi are also low, while in calcareous soil, high bacterial N-demand may counteract high gross N-release. Thus, species producing litter that decomposes rapidly may be planted to improve soil conditions and plant biodiversity, but litter quality effects on N-availability may be less important than soil conditions.     

不同基质对欧洲鹅耳枥光合日变化的影响

为了解不同基质生长的欧洲鹅耳枥的光合作用特性,找出最适宜欧洲鹅耳枥物质积累的基质,用园土、草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩配成10种基质栽培欧洲鹅耳枥播种苗,采用Ciras-2便携式光合仪对10种用不同基质处理的欧洲鹅耳枥进行叶片的光合日变化测定,结果显示,不同基质处理欧洲鹅耳枥Pn日变化整理呈现出从高到低的趋势,其中,处理8的Pn值始终居于最高,最高值达7.37μmol/(m2·s)。不同基质植株叶片Gs的日变化和Tr日变化均出现"双峰"和"单峰"两种变化趋势,植株Ci日变化变化趋势与Pn变化基本一致,但变化幅度相对较小。欧洲鹅耳枥的光合具有明显的"光合午休"的现象,"午休"原因是由非气孔因素导致。结果表明处理8(V园土∶V草炭∶V蛭石∶V珍珠岩=3∶2∶1∶3)最有利于欧洲鹅耳枥的物质积累,这为欧洲鹅耳枥在国内的高效推广提供了理论和实践基础。     

天台鹅耳枥的组织培养与快速繁殖

为了首次建立天台鹅耳枥的组织培养与植株再生体系,以其茎段、未萌发的新芽及萌发后的嫩芽、叶片等为外植体进行离体培养试验。结果表明,以新生的嫩芽为外植体,成功诱导不定芽的分化与增殖,最佳培养基配方为1/2 MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L^-1+PVP 0.2%。壮苗培养基配方为1/2MS+6-BA 0.5 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.05 mg·L^-1;最佳生根培养基配方为1/4 MS+IBA 1.0 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1。