不同施氮条件下小麦冠层的高光谱和多光谱反射特征

为了更好地利用冠层反射光谱特征监测小麦生长及氮素营养状况。以宁麦9号、淮麦20、徐麦26和扬麦10号四个小麦品种为材料,通过田间小区试验,研究了不同小麦品种在不同生育时期和不同氮素水平下冠层反射光谱的变化规律。结果表明,相同氮素水平下不同小麦品种冠层反射光谱的反射率有差异,且近红外部分差异较明显。小麦从拔节开始,随生育期的推进,冠层反射光谱在可见光波段的反射率先降低然后升高,以孕穗期反射率最低。随着叶片的逐渐变黄。反射率又增大,并且绿光波段的反射峰也逐渐消失。而近红外区反射率则表现出相反的趋势,以开花期为分界,先上升然后下降,直到成熟前降为最低。随着施氮水平的提高,冠层反射光谱在近红外反射平台（750-1300nm）的反射率呈上升趋势,而可见光部分反射率则下降,并且反射光谱的绿峰和红边位置也随着施氮水平的提高分别向蓝光方向（波长变短）和红光方向（波长变长）移动。     

长沙不同绿地对缓解热岛效应的作用

以长沙市学校、公园内的绿地作为研究对象,研究了不同生长发育植物、树冠郁闭度、植物覆盖率对城市热岛效应的影响,得出长势好的植物群落缓解热岛效应的作用大,郁闭度和绿地面积与减缓热岛效应的作用呈正相关。并根据长沙的绿化情况,提出了一些建议。     

结缕草枯草层对降水的截留特性研究

草坪枯草层对雨水或灌溉水的截流量大小对于草坪水分利用效率具有重要影响.针对结缕草草坪枯草层截留能力、截留降水的过程进行了研究.结果表明:枯草层因吸附大量尘土而致密紧实,截留水分的能力很强,截留的水量相当于5 mm的降雨量.在一次降雨过程中对降雨截留过程的观测发现:草坪枯草层留量随降水的变化曲线可划分为3个阶段,分别为快增期(截留量刚开始随降雨增加而迅速增加)、渐增期(截留量随降雨量增大的趋势减缓)和稳定期(随着降雨量的增大,截留量变化不大,基本稳定).而在不同降雨强度下,较之强度大的降水,短暂而零星的小强度降水更能使水分充分浸湿枯草层,枯草层拦截的水分越多.     

Rainfall Interception by Singleleaf Piñon and Utah Juniper: Implications for Stand-Level Effective Precipitation

The expansion of piñon and juniper trees into sagebrush steppe and the infilling of historic woodlands has caused a reduction in the cover and density of the understory vegetation. Water is the limiting factor in these systems; therefore, quantifying redistribution of water resources by tree species is critical to understanding the dynamics of these formerly sagebrush-dominated rangelands. Tree canopy interception may have a significant role in reducing the amount of rainfall that reaches the ground beneath the tree, thereby reducing the amount of available soil moisture. We measured canopy interception of rainfall by singleleaf piñon (Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém.) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma [Torr.] Little) across a gradient of storm sizes. Simulated rainfall was used to quantify interception and effective precipitation during 130 rainfall events ranging in size from 2.2 to 25.9 mm hr^? 1 on 19 trees of each species. Effective precipitation was defined as the sum of throughfall and stemflow beneath tree canopies. Canopy interception averaged 44.6% (± 27.0%) with no significant difference between the two species. Tree allometrics including height, diameter at breast height, stump diameter, canopy area, live crown height, and width were measured and used as predictor variables. The best fit predictive model of effective precipitation under canopy was described by stump diameter and gross precipitation (R² = 0.744, P < 0.0001). An alternative management model based on canopy area and gross precipitation predicted effective precipitation with similar accuracy (R² = 0.741, P < 0.0001). Canopy area can be derived from various remote sensing techniques, allowing these results to be extrapolated to larger spatial scales to quantify the effect of increasing tree canopy cover on rainfall interception loss and potential implications for the water budget.     

土壤温度对作物根区环境及玉米根冠生长的调控研究进展

土壤温度对作物的生长发育具有很强的调控作用。在全球气候变化背景下,根区土壤温度对玉米生长的影响及其调控机制已成为当前研究的一个热点。结合目前农业生产中土壤低温和高温对玉米造成危害的现状,从土壤温度对作物根区土壤环境以及玉米根系生长、冠层发育与产量形成的影响方面,综述土壤温度对玉米生长发育调控作用的研究进展,介绍改变土壤温度的措施以及对玉米土壤温度研究的发展方向进行展望,为今后的研究提供参考。     

日光温室茄子冠气温差与环境因子之间的关系研究

系统地研究了日光温室内茄子冠气温差的变化规律与环境因子之间的关系,运用回归方法建立了主要气象因子与冠气温差之间的数量关系。深入分析了不同土壤水分条件下日光温室内茄子冠气温差与土壤含水量的关系,并建立了二者之间的相关方程,得出了诊断茄子水分状况的指标。     

Remote sensing of biotic and abiotic stress for irrigation management of cotton

The applicability of commercially available remote sensing instrumentation was evaluated for site-specific management of abiotic and biotic stress on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown under a center pivot low energy precision application (LEPA) irrigation system. This study was conducted in a field where three irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, and 50% ET_c) were imposed on areas of Phymatotrichum (root rot) with the specific objectives to (1) examine commercial remote sensing instrumentation for locating areas showing biotic and abiotic stress symptomology in a cotton field, (2) compare data obtained from commercial aerial infrared photography to that collected by infrared transducers (IRTs) mounted on a center pivot, (3) evaluate canopy temperature changes between irrigation regimes and their relationship to lint yield with IRTs and/or IR photography, and (4) explore the use of deficit irrigation and the use of crop coefficients for irrigation scheduling. Pivot-mounted IRTs and an IR camera were able to differentiate water stress among irrigation regimes. The IR camera distinguished between biotic (root rot) and abiotic (drought) stress with the assistance of groundtruthing. The 50% ET_c regime had significantly higher canopy temperatures than the other two regimes, which was reflected in significantly lower lint yields when compared to the 75% and 100% ET_c regimes. Deficit irrigation down to 75% ET_c had no impact on lint yield, indicating that water savings were possible without reducing yield.     

红松林冠对降水的截留特征

通过野外测定与统计分析,系统研究了红松(Pinus koraiensis)林冠对降水的截留特征。在观测期间(2003年5-9月),红松林分林冠截留量为103.48mm,占同期降水量的26.19%;降水按以下比例被再次分配:穿透降水68.16%,林冠截留26.19%,树干径流5.65%。利用Horton改进模型进行模拟分析,结果表明:红松林分表征林冠吸附容量的参数Ic*m=2.387mm,大于该地区针叶树种樟子松和落叶松的吸附容量;表征区域降雨蒸发能力的参数α=13.9%。2个参数较好的解释了红松林冠截留吸附、湿润与蒸发机理;红松林冠截留率随降水的变化曲线可分为快变期(截留率>30%,降水量<15mm)、渐变期(截留率30%~18.67%,降水15~50mm)和稳定期(截留率<18.67%,降水>50mm)3个阶段,红松林冠稳定截留率为18.67%。红松林冠截留构成中吸附截留量较大。     

Polygalacturonase and β-galactosidase activities in Hayward kiwifruit as affected by light exposure,maturity stage and storage time

Softening process and total antioxidant activity were evaluated in kiwifruit differently exposed to light intensity and harvested at two different times (October 10 and November 14). Fruit was stored for 2 months at 0 °C (S1) and then maintained for a week at ambient temperature (S2). The results showed that fruit harvested later presented a faster softening rate during storage than fruit harvested earlier, even if antioxidant activity did not change. Light-exposed fruit showed higher flesh firmness than that of shaded ones. Polygalacturonase activity was higher in kiwifruit maintained for a week at ambient temperature after cool storage and, in particular the highest value was recorded in fruit harvested later. The behaviour of β-galactosidase was different: it did not show changes in fruit harvested later and significantly decreased in light- and shade-exposed fruit harvested earlier.     

华北地区冬季温室植物冠层温度建

基于温室内植物冠层能量平衡关系,建立了与温室内、外气象条件和温室结构相关的冠层温度模拟机理模型,并在华北地区文洛型温室内对该模型进行了试验验证.结果表明:模型能较好地模拟冬季温室内植物冠层温度,模拟值和实测值之间的相关系数为0.797 5,均方根误差为1.3℃.建立了冠层温度的BP神经网络模型,模型相关系数为0.783 5,均方根误差为0.6℃.在所建神经网络模型基础上,运用敏感性分析法对影响冠层温度的各因素进行重要性分析和排序,得出影响冠层温度的最重要因子是室内温度,其次为蒸腾速率、室外太阳辐射和室内相对湿度.