Nanostructured liquid crystalline particle assisted delivery of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to weeds,crops and model plants

Routine agricultural practices are heavily dependent on the use of surfactants, many of which are toxic to humans and detrimental to the environment. In proof of concept work we have previously shown the potential of nanostructured liquid crystalline particles (NLCP) to safely interact with plant leaf cuticular surfaces with minimal impact on epicuticular waxes. Here we demonstrate the use of NLCP to effectively deliver the auxin herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) to plant leaves in laboratory and field studies. In the laboratory, the physiological stress responses of lupin, Lupinus angustifolius (L.) (Fabaceae) towards NLCP spray applications were shown to be much reduced in comparison with application of two common surfactants. Phytotoxicity assays of 2,4-D loaded NLCP were used to validate the herbicidal effects on Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynth. (Brassicaceae) and established a similarity with that of surfactant assisted 2,4-D delivery when tested at a concentration of 0.1%. Field trials were conducted to test the efficacy of NLCP-assisted delivery of 2,4-D in comparison with commercial surfactants for the control of the invasive weed wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) (Brassicaceae), in wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.) (Poaceae) crop fields. Compared against Estercide 800, a commercially available 2,4-D formulation, NLCP assisted delivery of 2,4-D was effective at low concentrations of 0.03% and 0.06%. The crop yield remained similar for all the tested concentrations and formulations of 2,4-D loaded NLCP and Estercide 800. This is the first report to directly show that, as an alternative to conventional methods, NLCP can be used under both laboratory and field conditions to successfully delivery an agrochemical.     

毛白杨花粉败育过程中胼胝质的异常分布变化

采用苯胺蓝染色的方法,对育性良好的无性系1319及花粉败育雄株BM-1的花药发育过程中胼胝质的分布及变化进行了观察.结果表明,育性良好的花药中,胼胝质首先在小孢子母细胞角隅处沉积；随后,较厚的胼胝质壁分布于四分体细胞间以及细胞周围,随着胼胝质的解体,小孢子释放到药室中,游离小孢子外围无明显胼胝质分布;小孢子发育形成成熟花粉,花药绒毡层解体,内壁加厚开裂,胼胝质分布于残留的绒毡层以及内壁.与育性良好的花药相比,败育花药的胼胝质合成量减少并呈现明显分布异常.小孢子母细胞时期无明显胼胝质合成;胼胝质主要沉积于四分体细胞间且细胞外围胼胝质分布量减少；小孢子发育至成熟花粉,药室绒毡层沉积较多胼胝质而内壁无明显胼胝质分布.透射电镜结果显示,毛白杨无性系1319花粉外壁发育正常,而毛白杨不育雄株BM-1仅产生少量饱满花粉,且其花粉外壁发育不完全.从而说明胼胝质的异常合成与分布是毛白杨花粉败育的原因之一.     

铝毒胁迫下植物的响应机制

铝(Al)毒胁迫会引起植物一系列的生理生化响应。本文针对Al毒胁迫下植物的不同响应机制展开了综述,分别介绍了根系有机酸的分泌、根表黏胶物质、细胞壁成分的变化及pH和酚类物质的变化与抗Al性的关系,尤其以细胞壁胼胝质的形成为重点给予了详细的论述。最后结合Al毒的研究现状,为未来相关领域的研究提出了自己的一些看法。     

甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14大孢子发生期间细胞壁胼胝质的变化

应用脱色苯胺蓝诱导荧光法观察了甜菜单体附加系M14（Beta vulgaris L., VV+1C、2n=18+1）正常有性生殖与二倍体孢子生殖时，大孢子发生期间细胞壁内胼胝质的变化，结果如下。韭型（Allium odorum-type）胚囊大孢子发生时，自大孢子母细胞的珠孔端细胞壁内出现胼胝质荧光，并逐渐扩展到整个细胞壁，中期Ⅰ至末期Ⅰ细胞壁呈现胼胝质荧光。二分体时，珠孔端大孢子细胞壁内胼胝质荧光消失，二分体之间的横壁以及合点端功能大孢子的侧壁上荧光明显。二倍体功能大孢子的合点端细胞壁内的胼胝质荧光消失。单核胚囊形成后，其细胞壁内无胼胝质荧光，而退化的大孢子细胞壁胼胝质荧光显著。蝶须型（Antennaria-type）胚囊大孢子发生时，大孢子母细胞、二倍体功能大孢子的细胞壁均无胼胝质荧光。蓼型（Polygonum-type）胚囊大孢子母细胞减数分裂时，其珠孔端细胞壁出现胼胝质荧光，并逐渐扩展到整个细胞壁。二分体、三分体、四分体时期，胼胝质荧光主要存在于大孢子之间的横壁上，侧壁内胼胝质荧光较弱。退化的大孢子细胞壁胼胝质荧光明显，功能大孢子细胞壁上缺少胼胝质荧光。此外，本文还讨论了大孢子母细胞减数分裂与细胞壁内沉积胼胝质之间的相关性。     

杉木小孢子发生和花粉发育中的淀粉粒和胼胝质

杉木小孢子母细胞时期积累的淀粉粒均匀地分布在细胞质中.减数分裂前期Ⅱ,淀粉粒主要聚积在母细胞的中部呈一直线状,减Ⅱ末期,淀粉粒主要分布在将形成小孢子壁处。花粉粒在液泡化后积累淀粉.第一次分裂前,淀粉粒呈一球状聚集在花粉粒中心。减数分裂细线期,母细胞周围胼胝质的沉积为颗粒状或片层状.前期Ⅱ,位于母细胞中部的胼胝质增厚呈现一环状胼胝质带.减Ⅱ末期至四分体早期,位于母细胞两极和环状的胼胝质向母细胞中心伸展产生隔壁.花粉粒第一次分裂后,营养细胞和生殖细胞周围有明显的胼胝质荧光.     

Enhanced defense responses of tomato plants against late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans by pre-inoculation with rhizobacteria

The efficacy of resistance in tomato plants, induced by rhizobacteria isolated from Jeju Island in Korea, against late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans was tested. Among the bacterial isolates tested, pre-inoculation with four isolates induced an effective defense against late blight. The four isolates, TRH423-3, TRH427-2, KRJ502-1 and KRY505-3, were identified as Burkholderia gladioli, Miamiensis avidus, Acinetobacter quenomosp and Bacillus cereus, respectively, by sequencing the ribosomal intergenic spacer region. They also promoted the growth of tomato seedlings. To illustrate resistance mechanisms, the infection process by P. infestans was examined using a fluorescence microscope. There were no noticeable differences in the rate of germination and appressorium formation between the untreated and pre-inoculated plants. However, callose was more frequently formed at the penetration sites on the leaves of pre-inoculated plants than the untreated plants, suggesting that these rhizobacterial isolates induce defense responses against P. infestans.     

质壁分离处理刺五加合子胚促进了胼胝质合成酶基因的表达

在以前的研究中我们报道了经质壁分离预处理刺五加合子胚下胚轴,促进了体细胞胚形成。在本研究中,我们利用RT-PCR方法分析了刺五加合子胚经2,4-D,蔗糖,甘露醇处理后胼胝质合成酶基因的表达水平。结果显示:蔗糖和甘露醇处理明显促进了胼胝质合成酶基因的表达水平。而且我们观察到,体细胞胚发生过程中,外植体经质壁分离处理后细胞壁明显加厚。因此我们推测:胼胝质可能使表皮层细胞相互之间产生分离从而使其转变为具有胚性潜能的细胞。图2参20。     

水稻小孢子形成和发育过程中胼胝质的动态变化

利用活体荧光显微术,PEG切片荧光显微术,半薄切片光学显微术和透射电镜观察了粳稻台中65小孢子形成和发育过程中胼胝质的动态变化。结果发现,胼胝质最早于小孢子母细胞形成期出现于花粉囊中。进入小孢子母细胞减数分裂期,胼胝质首先在小孢子母细胞靠近药室中央的初生细胞壁上沉积,并于减数分裂Ⅰ终变期形成完整的胼胝质壁;随后胼胝质在小孢子母细胞中央开始沉积,并向四周扩展形成第1个赤道板,随后形成第2个赤道板;减数分裂后,四分体周围的胼胝质解体释放出小孢子。小孢子早期,绒毡层细胞中积累胼胝质类物质,小孢子核周围也开始沉积胼胝质,逐渐形成完整胼胝质壁;小胞子晚期,绒毡层细胞开始解体,药室内壁细胞开始加厚,其加厚的物质为胼胝质类物质。二胞花粉早期,小孢子进行不均等分裂,形成营养细胞和具有胼胝质壁的生殖细胞,随后营养细胞的细胞质中积累胼胝质,生殖细胞的胼胝质壁开始解体;二胞花粉晚期,药室内壁加厚完成,营养细胞的细胞质中继续积累胼胝质,花粉成熟期,营养细胞的细胞质中积累了大量胼胝质。对胼胝质在小孢子形成和发育过程中的功能进行了讨论。     

Formation of callose from sucrose in cotton fiber microsomal membranes

Callose is formed from exogenous sucrose by cotton fiber microsomal membranes that contain both sucrose synthase and callose synthase activity. Although the coupled reaction between sucrose and callose synthases occurs predominantly to channel glucose from sucrosederived uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose into callose in the membranes, there is no difference in the UDP-glucose-forming/sucrose-forming activity ratios between the soluble and membrane-bound forms of sucrose synthase. The consumption of UDP-glucose from sucrose into callose probably leads to UDP-glucose formation rather than sucrose formation despite the lower affinity of sucrose synthase for sucrose than for UDP-glucose. Callose formation is markedly stimulated by the addition of either recombinant Glu¹¹ (S11E) or in vitro phosphorylated Ser¹¹ mung bean sucrose synthase but not by the wild-type nonphosphorylated Ser¹¹ enzyme. We propose that a negative charge (by phosphorylation or mutagenesis) at Ser¹¹ in sucrose synthase causes the enzyme to promote a coupled callose-forming reaction.Part of this paper was presented at the 8th International Cell Wall Meeting, Norwich, UK, September 1998