槟榔间作条件下不同修剪方式对可可生长和产量的影响

以槟榔间作可可条件下的可可为研究对象,比较不同修剪方式对其生长、光合作用及产量的影响。结果表明:中度修剪提高可可株高、干周和主枝粗度,重度修剪和仅控冠幅降低可可干周和主枝粗度。中等修剪可可叶片Pn显著高于轻度修剪和仅控冠幅,可能由于修剪提高了新梢叶片叶肉细胞光合作用能力。中度修剪可可徒长枝重量分别比轻度修剪、重度修剪和仅控冠幅显著降低了69.27%、54.69%和57.03%,大大降低了养分消耗,提高产量的同时节省了修剪工作量。综上所述,在槟榔间作可可条件下,采用中度修剪有利于提高光合作用效率,形成健康平衡树形,降低徒长枝养分消耗,提高产量,为槟榔间作可可节本增效技术研究与优化提供依据。     

可可泛素结合酶基因家族的生物信息学初步分析

泛素结合酶(E2s)促进底物泛素化或者与E3s链接,是靶蛋白泛素化的关键酶,在泛素-蛋白酶体途径中起重要作用。利用可可(Theobroma cacao L.)全基因组测序数据,共鉴定出45个E2s基因家族成员,包括39个UBC和6个UEV基因。通过生物信息学方法,对可可E2s家族的基本理化性质、基因结构、二级结构预测、亚细胞定位、进化关系等方面进行初步分析。结果表明:可可E2s基因CDS长度在441(Tc UEV3)~3 651 bp(Tc UBC7)之间,对应的编码蛋白氨基酸数目在146(Tc UEV3)~1 216 aa(Tc UBC7)之间,编码蛋白分子量在16.39~134.71 ku之间。E2s基因外显子在1~11之间,多数基因外显子数目在5~7之间。E2s基因在10条染色体上均有分布,1号染色体为7个,数量最多;6号染色体2个基因,数量最少。可可E2s蛋白大多为不稳定蛋白,且均为亲水性蛋白,其二级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主要构成元件。大多数可可E2s蛋白定位在细胞核,少数定位在内质网或者细胞质。进化树分析表明:可可E2s蛋白被分为20个亚家族,包括16个UBC亚家族和4个UEV亚家族,第Ⅵ亚家族E2s数目最多为9个;E2s家族蛋白在物种进化过程中具有高度保守性。     

Verification of identities in global cacao germplasm collections

The ex situ conservation of cacao genetic resources is in the form of field genebanks. Misidentified trees though, represent a serious problem to (i) curators, who need to capture genetic diversity, and (ii) users of germplasm material, who must be certain of the identities of the accessions for proper evaluation of their results. The presence of mislabelled trees was assessed from data compiled in the International Cocoa Germplasm Database (ICGD) 2000 v4.1CD-ROM, which contains the published records of cacao accessions in global holdings. Circumstantial evidence revealed that many germplasm collections, especially those in Brazil (CEPEC), Colombia (ICA), Costa Rica (CATIE), Côte d'Ivoire, Mexico, Malaysia, Togo, Trinidad (ICG,T) and Venezuela (EEC) probably possessed misidentified material. The severity of the problem ranged from 15–44 % and is suggested as an area for immediate resolution. Based upon the morphological data provided by the ICGD CD-ROM, several accessions were highly suspect, including 'EET 19 [ECU]', 'EET 48 [ECU]', 'EET 162 [ECU]', 'ICS 1', 'ICS 6', 'ICS 43', 'ICS 89', 'ICS 100', 'IMC 67', 'PA 121 [PER]', 'POUND 7 [POU]', 'SCA 6', 'SPA 9 [COL]', 'UF 29', 'UF 613' and 'UF 667'. However, the identification of mislabelled trees should depend ultimately on molecular analysis. Hence, the use of voucher specimens for verification is forwarded and the concept of a public domain database for microsatellite analyses of germplasm holdings is raised.     

可可种质抗黑果病离体鉴定方法研究

利用可可离体叶片和离体果实鉴定可可种质对黑果病抗性的方法。结果表明:接种方法、接种物浓度、叶龄或果龄等因素影响离体叶片、果实黑果病发生程度;离体叶片接种鉴定方法最适条件是采用针刺法接种、接种物浓度3×107个/m L、叶龄50~60 d;离体果实接种鉴定方法最适条件为采用滴接法、接种物浓度为3×105个/m L、果龄2~3个月。采用离体叶片接种和离体果实接种方法均能鉴定出可可种质对黑果病抗性的差异,鉴定结果与田间成株期的抗病性表现基本一致。     

海南省可可黑果病病原鉴定及其发生规律

采用形态特征鉴定及rDNA-ITS序列分析相结合的方法,对海南可可黑果病病原进行鉴定,并通过定点连续调查研究该病在海南的发生规律。结果表明,该病病原为柑橘褐腐疫霉(Phytophthora citrophthora)。降雨量对该病的发生有着显著的影响,在海南发病高峰期一般在9~11月份。     

Nutritional survey of coffee and cacao groves in Sierra Leone

Abstract

A nutritional survey was conducted by collecting coffee and cacao leaf samples from various ecological zones in Sierra Leone and analysing for various elements_t Data obtained were compared with established leaf analysis standards used for assessing nutrient status of coffee and cacao leaves. Varying degrees of deficiencies of N, P, K, Mg, Mn and Cu were observed but excess levels of Fe were also recorded. Zinc and Ca levels were in the adequate range in coffee and cacao groves respectively.     

施用生物有机肥对可可苗期生长及土壤酶活性的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究施用不同生物有机肥对可可苗期生长及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:施用生物有机肥BIOa和BIOb的处理可可植株干重,总根长、根系直径、根系表面积和根系总体积显著高于对照(单施化肥)及施用牛粪的处理;施用生物有机肥BIOa的处理可可叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶绿素含量与对照相比分别增加了169％、270％和28％;施用BIOa的处理土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性与对照相比显著提高了98.7％、92.2％和83.2％.综上所述,施用生物有机肥BIO可显著促进可可地上部植株和根系生长,同时也可显著提高相关土壤酶活性.     

Cacao pod husks (Theobroma cacao L.): Composition and hot-water-soluble pectins

The composition of cacao pod husks (CPHs), the main waste product of cocoa production, and some of the characteristics of their water-soluble pectins were investigated. Milled and dried CPHs were submitted to hot aqueous extractions (50 and 100 ?C, 90 min, 1:25, w/v). The obtained fractions (labeled 50W and BW, respectively) yielded 7.5 and 12.6% pectins, respectively. The monosaccharide composition revealed the predominance of uronic acid, followed by galactose, rhamnose and arabinose, characteristic of pectins. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses (FT-IR and ¹³C NMR) showed that both fractions contained high acetyl contents (DA 29.0 and 19.2%, respectively) and are composed of low methoxyl homogalacturonans (DE 37.0 and 42.3%, respectively) with rhamnogalacturonan insertions carrying side chains containing mainly galactose. Rheological analyses were carried out with 50W and BW. Solutions of both fractions at 5% (w/v) had a non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior, however that of 50W showed higher apparent viscosity than that of BW. Dynamic oscillatory analyses showed that 5% (w/w) 50W pectin had weak gel behavior whereas at the same concentration, BW pectin behaved as a concentrated solution. Although further investigations are required, CPH seems be a potential source of both pectins and other natural agents such as fibers and phenolics, and its use is particularly justified by growing environmental awareness.