棚菌灵烟剂的研究

筛选出适合配制烟剂的高效药剂,用低成本的供热剂,采用简便、安全的干制法配成复方棚菌灵烟剂,可防治温室、塑料大棚黄瓜、番茄的多种病害,具有高效、经济、低毒、对蔬菜污染小、便于推广应用等特点．     

Comparison of commercial glyphosate formulations for control of prickly sida, purple nutsedge, morningglory and sicklepod

The efficacy of the commercial glyphosate [( N -phosphonomethyl) glycine] formulations Roundup Ultra, Touchdown and Engame were compared for the control of prickly sida ( Sida spinosa L.), morningglory ( Ipomeae hederacea var. integriuscula Gray), sicklepod ( Senna obtusifolia L.) and purple nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus L.). Engame is a new formulation of glyphosate that contains glyphosate acid and 1-aminomethanamide dihydrogen tetraoxosulfate (AMADS), a proprietary mixture of sulfuric acid and urea, other than glyphosate salt and surfactants. Injury by Engame differed from Roundup Ultra and Touchdown in that necrotic lesions formed on leaves several hours after treatment. Leaves of very susceptible species, such as prickly sida, were rapidly, although incompletely, desiccated and then became chlorotic and died in a manner typical of other glyphosate formulations. Engame was 2–3 times more active to growth inhibition than either the Roundup Ultra or Touchdown formulations, based on GR₅₀ comparisons expressed on an acid equivalent basis. The GR₅₀ estimates did not change over the 3 week evaluation period for prickly sida and purple nutsedge, and after 2 weeks after treatment for morningglory. The GR₅₀ estimates for sicklepod decreased over the 3 week evaluation period indicating a slower response to glyphosate. The application of AMADS alone caused minute necrotic lesions on sicklepod and purple nutsedge, and lesions up to 3 mm in diameter on prickly sida and morningglory. Further injury from AMADS was not noted and plants resumed growth without apparent delay. At glyphosate rates above 1120 g ha⁻¹, greater than 80% control was achieved at 7 days after treatment. These results demonstrate that glyphosate efficacy can be further enhanced by formulations that apparently improve uptake and translocation.     

基于模拟退火算法优化给水管线造价公式研究

给水管线造价公式的精确性对工程经济分析与给水管网优化的科学性和经济性有重大影响。通过五个地区的铸铁管综合单价数据,采用最小二乘法对各组数据进行多项式一至十次的拟合,确定了给水管线造价公式的最佳拟合次数为三次;进一步采用模拟退火算法对拟合的多项式参数进行优化计算,求解给水管线造价公式。结果表明:凭借模拟退火算法随机全局搜索模式以及不受函数性质影响的优势,能够克服传统算法难以求解多阶导数的困难,提高公式拟合精度。     

Formulation challenges of organic poultry diets with readily available ingredients and limited synthetic methionine

Organic agriculture has increased greatly over the past several years as consumer demand for these products has risen. Organic meat production, including poultry, has grown especially quickly, resulting in increasingly stringent guidelines being put in place to ensure safe, uniform, and ideal products for these consumers. Feed formulation and manufacturing for organic poultry in the United States are strictly regulated by the United States Department of Agriculture National Organic Program. Currently, no synthetic amino acids are allowed to be used in organic poultry diets in the United States except for limited quantities of synthetic methionine since it is typically considered the first or second limiting amino acid in corn and soybean meal based poultry diets and it is a critical nutrient for maintaining bird growth and productive performance, especially regarding egg size in laying hens. The aim of the review herein is to discuss the impacts that current organic regulations on synthetic methionine have on diet formulation when using readily available ingredients. High levels of crude protein must be used to meet bird methionine requirements with this restriction in place, which both increases feed costs and can have negative impacts on bird health and on air quality and the surrounding environment due to increased ammonia emissions. Atypical feed formulation strategies have been explored to address this issue, including such methods as feeding alternative ingredients and providing forage materials. Another possibility would be to use an average lifetime maximum inclusion rate for synthetic methionine, which may allow for better flexibility to provide sufficient methionine throughout various phases of growth and production since the requirements of the bird change with age.     

种衣剂在小麦上的应用效果初报

就17%多·克·酮小麦种衣剂对幼苗生长的调控作用以及田间防治甘肃省小麦主要病害的实际应用效果进行了试验研究。盆栽试验结果表明，17%多·克·酮种衣剂安全的药种比为1:50，在此包衣比例下，不仅可提高出苗率，对植株生长无不良影响，而且能使植株根系活力显著增强，叶片叶绿素含量明显提高，生长后期抗倒伏能力增强；田间小区试验结果表明，对早期小麦条锈病的防效可达76.2%、小麦白粉病可达77.0%，对土传性小麦全蚀病的防效可达到82.1%，冬麦区小麦产量提高6.8%，春麦区小麦产量提高10.9%。     

花溪辣椒测土配方施肥试验

对花溪湖潮乡辣椒氮磷钾配方施肥研究结果表明,氮中量、磷钾高量或低量的配方处理对辣椒生育期无明显影响,低量氮磷钾配方和习惯施肥辣椒有早衰现象,不施肥处理的辣椒早衰更明显。经济性状以中氮低磷高钾效果最好,其果长达到11.95 cm,果粗1.2 cm,干重为64.2 g/10个;产量以高量氮磷钾最高,为188.9 kg/667m2,中氮低磷高钾次之,为183.7kg/667m2,两者差异不明显。中氮低磷高钾的配方既可使辣椒增产,经济效益最高,又能提高辣椒肥料利用率,值得推广应用。     

Host Plant-Based Artificial Diets Enhance Development,Survival and Fecundity of the Edible Long-Horned Grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Wild swarms of the long-horned grasshoppers Ruspolia differens (Serville) which are widely harvested for consumption and sale in Africa are seasonal and unsustainable, hence the need for innovative ways of artificially producing the insects. We investigated the development, survival, and reproduction of R. differens in the laboratory on diets mixed with host plants [Digitaria gayana Kunth, Cynodon dactylon (L.) and Megathyrsus maximus Jacq (Poales: Poaceae); Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asterales: Asteraceae)] identified from guts of their wild conspecifics with a view to developing a suitable diet for artificial mass rearing of the edible insect. A standard diet comprising ground black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Startiomyidae) larvae, soybean flour, maize flour, vitamin premix, and ground bones was tested for rearing R. differens as a control against the same ingredients incorporated with individual powders of the different host plants. Whereas R. differens developed more slowly in the diet mixed with D. gayana than in the control diet; its development was faster in the diet mixed with C. dactylon. Mortalities of R. differens in host plant-based diets were 42.5–52.5%, far lower than in the control diet with 71% mortality. The insects raised on the diet mixed with M. maximus laid approximately twice more eggs compared to R. differens fecundities from the rest of the diets. However, inclusion of host plants in the diets had no detectable influence on R. differens adult weight and longevity. These findings support inclusion of specific host plants in artificial diets used for mass rearing of R. differens to enhance its survival, development, and fecundity.     

小白菜水培营养液配方筛选

选用6种不同的营养液配方对小白菜进行水培试验,结果表明:绿叶菜通用配方是水质硬度较大地区最适宜进行小白菜水培的营养液配方。采用该配方进行处理后,小白菜的产量、叶绿素含量显著增加。与其他配方相比,硝酸盐含量降低了6.81%～43.37%,还原糖含量最大,提高了1.512个百分点。     

1-MCP在果蔬体内的药代规律研究及产品开发进展

1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)是一种乙烯受体抑制剂,广泛应用于果蔬采后贮藏保鲜行业.本文从1-MCP在果蔬体内的吸收、与果实内部生物大分子互作及其机制、残留量及其法规约定等方面对1-MCP在果蔬体内的药代规律进行了分析.从产品开发和技术应用的角度概括了1-MCP常见的产品形式和发展趋势,梳理了1-MCP与预冷技术结合、与杀菌剂联用、与果蔬风味形成调控技术复合使用等多效保鲜技术的研发情况.通过概括分析可以发现,1-MCP的安全性高,残留量低,但有关其在果蔬体内的代谢规律和对果蔬品质的不利影响方面的研究较少,且大部分的研究集中于1-MCP的应用,长效稳定缓释剂型和复合保鲜技术将是今后的发展趋势.     

2019年及近年我国农药登记情况和特点分析

总结、分析了2019年及近年我国农药登记的基本情况和特点。最近7年来,每年微毒/低毒农药登记数量与当年农药登记总量的比值,及与本年度新增登记数量的比值均持续上升,其比值的年均值分别为82.0%和93.4%;环境友好的剂型在迅速增加,悬浮剂与本年度新增产品登记数量的比值一直处于领先位置,可分散油悬浮剂的比值增长突显,乳油比值在逐年递减;杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂3大类农药登记数量与本年度新增登记数量的比值趋向显著平均;低风险的新农药登记数量在不断增加,生物源农药登记数量增长稳定,5年来其有效成分和产品的年均增长率分别为9.88%和9.46%。从政策和技术上促进特色小宗作物用药登记产品数量快速增加。上述特点表明,我国农药正朝着有利于人畜健康和生态环境安全的方向发展。