Residents’ perceptions and attitudes toward waste treatment facility sites and their possible conversion: A literature review

The siting a landfill or waste treatment facility and the redevelopment of a brownfield or former landfill site are generally treated as independent issues in the research literature. Nonetheless, the two are important elements of community development and urban revitalization efforts. The purpose of this paper is to provide an integrated review of the current literature on attitudes toward waste treatment sites and their potential conversion for recreation use. We begin by examining research on residents’ perceptions of and attitudes toward proposed and existing waste treatment facility sites, including the perceived impacts and determinants of attitudes toward these sites. Next we summarize work that has explored the subsequent conversion of former landfills or brownfield sites, with a particular emphasis on repurposing these sites for green space and recreation use. We conclude by summarizing key issues and implications for future research and policy development.     

景观都市主义视角下的工业废弃地改造研究——以溧阳燕山公园景观再生改造为例

景观都市主义是指景观取代建筑,成为当代城市发展的基本单元。本文研究了景观都市主义的产生、概念及内涵,并以溧阳燕山公园的景观再生改造为例,从研究改变场地的污染状况和延续场地文化脉络入手,对基于景观都市主义的工业废弃地改造探讨了问题场地的策略性规划方法,以期对今后的废弃地景观再生改造提供一定的思路和方法。     

Effect of metal contamination on microbial enzymatic activity in soil

Anthropogenic metal contamination is a pervasive problem in many urban or industrial areas. The interaction of metals with native soil communities is an important area of research as scientists strive to understand effects of long-term metal contamination on soil properties. Measurements of free soil enzyme activities can serve as useful indicators of microbial metabolic potential. The goals of this study are to determine extracellular soil enzymatic activities with respect to corresponding metal concentrations within a site of long-term contamination. These data are examined to understand relationships between extracellular soil enzyme activities and persistent metal loads in situ. Here we present such results from a rare research opportunity at an un-remediated, urban brownfield in Jersey City, NJ, USA. The soils of the site developed over the last 150 years through the dumping of urban fill from New York City as well as industrial rail use. The site was abandoned and fenced in the late 1960s, and within it, there is a mapped gradient of metal concentration in the soils, including As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, and V. We measured soil enzymatic potential (alkaline phosphatase, cellobiohydrolase, and l-leucine-amino-peptidase) across four plots within the site and at an uncontaminated reference site that is of the same successional age and geographic influence. We found the highest enzymatic activities for all three activities measured at the site with the greatest soil metal loads and a particularly strong relationship among enzyme activity and the metals V and Cr. Our results differ from many experimental studies that show decreased soil enzyme activity in soils experimentally treated with metals. The results may indicate the effects of long-term adaptation of soil communities within these metal contaminated soils.     

Phytoremediation: An interim landscape architecture strategy to improve accessibility of contaminated vacant lands in Canadian municipalities

Many Canadian cities are faced with the challenge of contaminated lands that remain vacant due to high remediation costs. Redevelopment of these lots to greenspace enhances the character of cities and improves human and environmental health. Interim design strategies, while phytoremediation – the process of treating contaminated soil and water with plants – is taking place, were explored to improve the amenity value of contaminated vacant lands. Based on an integrative literature review synthesis and a phytoremediation example, design guidelines were formulated and then applied to three Canadian municipal sites. An expert panel, including phytoremediation specialists and municipal staff involved with open space planning and development, provided an evaluation of the guidelines. The comments received through the evaluation demonstrated that the design guidelines are an appropriate foundation for the application of phytoremediation as an interim strategy for transforming contaminated lands into usable green space within Canadian municipalities.     

两型社会背景下的棕地再开发探讨——以湖南省宜章县为例

为了了解棕地利用现状、棕地形成原因,以及棕地再利用存在的问题,以湖南省宜章县为调查点,通过实地走访、测量以及问卷调查获取棕地基本资料。选取县城内部、城乡结合部、乡镇的典型棕地案例进行分析,总结了宜章县棕地形成的原因：市场竞争工厂倒闭;规划再次影响;工厂本身存在污染;采矿造成。笔者还对棕地再开发的模式进行了探讨,县城内部、城乡结合部、乡镇棕地采用不同的利用方式,并对再利用所获得的社会、经济、生态效益进行了分析。     

Urban wilderness: Supply,demand, and access

The concept of urban wilderness feels like a paradox since natural and urban environments have long been viewed as antithetical. Today, however, wilderness is high on the urban agenda as a response to different challenges: biodiversity and human experiences of nature are being lost in increasingly dense cities, while at the same time a plethora of wild areas are developing in cities that are undergoing post-industrial transformation. Yet there is confusion around the definitions and the anticipated functions of urban wilderness and how humans can be incorporated therein. A unifying framework is proposed here that envisions urban wilderness as a social-ecological system; three major components are identified and linked: (i) the supply of wilderness areas along gradients of naturalness and ecological novelty, leading to a differentiation of ancient vs. novel wilderness, and the identification of wilderness components within cultural ecosystems; (ii) the demand for wilderness in urban societies, which differs among sociocultural groups as a function of underlying values and experiences; (iii) the access to urban wilderness, which can be improved both in terms of providing opportunities for encountering urban wilderness (e.g., by conserving, rewilding wilderness areas) and enhancing the orientation of urban people towards wilderness (e.g., through information, environmental education, citizen science). Evidence from urban wilderness projects in Europe demonstrates that multi-targeted approaches to conserving and managing existing novel urban ecosystems offer manifold opportunities to combine biodiversity conservation and wilderness experience in cities.     

景观都市主义与休闲空间创造

以现在城市的特征及都市居民对休闲空间的需求分析为出发点,结合当前人们对城市中废弃地带改造的热切希望,探索用于缓解城市与景观对立状态的景观都市主义途径,从而得出景观都市主义与休闲空间之间的关系,及景观都市主义创造休闲空间的手法。其中,创造休闲空间有流动景观、绿色廊道、精神家园以及景观基础设施4种手法。通过这几种手法给城市居民带来连续、多变、丰富的休闲空间,满足城市居民的休闲需求。同时,景观都市主义影响了城市人口分布密度,形成了簇状城市和食物城市等城市发展格局。