An international panorama of goat selection and breeds

The preservation of the biodiversity of animal breeds is an important condition to maintain the ability of animal production to adapt to the changing conditions of breeding and production systems in the future. The decrease of the number of animal breeds has been observed both for sheep, cattle and goats in relation with the standardisation and intensification of animal production systems.Goats are mainly concerned by the situation as they have the biggest increase in livestock numbers in 20 years. A global overlook of goats worldwide is showing a contradictory situation: On one hand, small but well organised sectors have developed in a few countries for milk and cheese, meat and fibre production. On the other hand, most of the goats are mostly still used for auto consumption of milk meat and skin or fibres in village herds. The present goat genetic situation is the direct consequence of this evolution with the high specialisation of a small number of selected and well characterised breeds for milk, meat and fibres and a majority of not well defined populations and local breeds, generally without selection schemes and organisation.A global panorama of the main families and breeds is presented. A special consideration is then pointed on the necessary financial and logistic conditions to achieve successively these selection objectives. After having observed that in many cases these conditions are not present, this report concludes by some proposals to control better the possibilities of success and express with more efficiency the genetic potentiality of this interesting species.     

基于UPOV1991年文本有关实质性派生品种权的探讨

文章从植物新品种保护的方式及UPOV公约的核心地位出发,重点回顾了UPOV1991年文本有关实质性派生品种权修订的内容,从三个方面对实质性派生品种权的修订进行了评价和分析,得出UPOV91文本对派生品种体系的保护给原始品种产权人以积极的、激励的结论,但对后品种权人的权利保护显得不足,容易造成后品种权人积极性下降。在此基础上,以进一步保障后品种权人收益,刺激其育种活动,从而提高整个社会的收益为出发点,提出相关的政策建议。     

本交笼养模式中与公鸡遗传贡献率相关指标的特性及公母配比研究

为探究本交笼养模式中与公鸡遗传贡献率相关指标的特性及公母配比,本实验选取2种本交笼模式,一种为大型本交笼(Ⅰ型),单笼饲养100只种鸡,公母配比为1:9;一种为小型本交笼(Ⅱ型),单笼饲养50只种鸡,公母配比为1:9。其中Ⅰ型本交笼选取2笼作为重复,Ⅱ型本交笼选取4笼作为重复。通过基于28个微卫星遗传标记的亲缘鉴定技术度量本交笼中种公鸡遗传贡献率并对公母配比进行研究,同时检测公鸡血清激素水平及精液品质。结果表明:在2种本交笼中,各组内公鸡间遗传贡献率差异显著;在Ⅱ型本交笼中,剔除1只低遗传贡献率的公鸡,公母配比由1:9提高到1:11,种蛋受精率差异不显著;公鸡遗传贡献率与公鸡精液品质、血清中促卵泡素及三碘甲状腺原氨酸相关系数分别为0.79、0.8与-0.8。     

唐昌蒲茎尖脱毒的研究

1987年～1988年作者以唐昌蒲的茎尖(0.2～5 mm)为外植体,接种于MS+BAl mg/L+NAA1 mg/L脱分化培养基上,诱导其产生愈伤组织。一个月后,将愈伤组织接到N_6+BA0.5mg/L+NAA1 mg/L+0.4～0.6％活性炭的再分化培养基上诱导其生根、成苗。所得试管苗经鉴定脱毒率可达70.8％,其脱毒率大小与接种的茎尖大小有直接关系,茎尖越小,脱毒率越高。茎尖大小与试管苗的成苗途经、成苗率、丛生苗率有一定关系。     

日粮代谢能和蛋白质水平对30-39周龄岭南黄羽肉种鸡繁殖性能的影响

【目的】研究日粮中不同代谢能（ME）和蛋白质（CP）水平对产蛋高峰期（30—39周龄）岭南黄羽肉种鸡生长性能、产蛋性能和孵化性能的影响。【方法】采用3（ME：11.09、11.51和11.92 MJ•kg-1）×3（CP：15.5%、16.5%和17.5%）两因子试验设计,选取1 134只健康的30周龄快大型岭南黄羽父母代肉种鸡,随机分成9组,每组6个重复,每个重复21只。试验期10周。统计各个重复的体增重、料蛋比、产蛋率、日产蛋重、平均蛋重、种蛋破损率、不合格蛋比率、受精率、18日活胚率、孵化率和健雏率。【结果】（1）11.92 MJ•kg-1ME处理组试验鸡只的体增重显著高于11.51 MJ•kg-1ME处理组（P＜0.05）,极显著高于11.09 MJ•kg-1ME处理组（P＜0.01）,其料蛋比显著低于11.51和11.09 MJ•kg-1ME处理组（P＜0.05）;而CP水平对试验鸡只的体增重和料蛋比无显著性影响（P＞0.05）;（2）产蛋性能：11.92 MJ•kg-1ME处理组产蛋率和日产蛋重最高（P＜0.01）;11.51和11.92 MJ•kg-1ME处理组平均蛋重显著高于11.09 MJ•kg-1ME处理组（P＜0.05）;11.92 MJ•kg-1ME处理组种蛋破损率也高于11.51和11.09 MJ•kg-1ME处理组（P＜0.05）;不合格蛋比率以11.09 MJ•kg-1ME处理组最高（P＜0.05）,ME和CP水平对试验鸡只不合格蛋比率具有显著的互作效应（P＜0.05）;与CP 15.5%处理组相比,日粮CP水平为16.5%和17.5%时,显著提高了平均蛋重,并显著降低了种蛋破损率（P＜0.05）;（3）孵化指标：日粮ME为11.92 MJ•kg-1或CP为16.5%时,雏鸡初生重显著高于其它处理组（P＜0.05）,但各处理组的受精率、18日活胚率、孵化率和健雏率均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。【结论】30—39周龄岭南黄羽肉种鸡获得最佳繁殖性能的日粮适宜ME和CP水平分别为11.92 MJ•kg-1和16.5%,每日ME和CP需要量分别为1.55 MJ和21.45 g。     

稀释精液人工授精技术在罗曼粉蛋种鸡中的应用

[目的]解决种鸡人工授精生产中常出现的精液不足问题。[方法]应用稀释精液人工授精技术,从精液稀释液的选择、精液稀释比例、稀释液的配制及保存、人工授精技术等方面对其在罗曼粉蛋种鸡中的应用进行了综述。[结果]复方稀释液的效果优于单方稀释液。自制稀释液按照1∶1比例稀释的效果最好。[结论]该研究可为种鸡生产提供参考。