木质素生物合成及其基因调控研究进展

介绍了木质素的组成、生物合成途径、涉及的酶类,综述了近年来基因工程技术调控木质素生物合成的研究进展,并对今后的研究进行了展望。     

维生素C的生物合成及其基因调控研究进展

维生素C是维持生物正常生长发育必需的一类微量营养物质,水果是人类维生素C营养的重要来源,而不同水果中的维生素C含量相差很大,因此克隆植物中维生素C合成的相关酶基因,对维生素C含量低的水果进行基因改良,具有重要意义。根据有关文献对植物中维生素C的合成途径,相关酶基因的克隆以及应用生物技术的方法对维生素C含量进行遗传改良进行了综述。     

Biosynthesis of a syringyl 8-O-4′ neolignan in Eucommia ulmoides: formation of syringylglycerol-8-O-4′-(sinapyl alcohol) ether from sinapyl alcohol

To investigate the biosynthesis and stereochemistry of syringylglycerol-8-O-4′-(sinapyl alcohol) ether (SGSE), a syringyl 8-O-4′ neolignan, feeding experiments and enzyme assays using Eucommia ulmoides were carried out. Diastereoselective formation of erythro-SGSE was found. When [8-¹⁴C]sinapyl alcohol was administered to excised shoots of E. ulmoides, ¹⁴C was incorporated into free SGSE and SGSE glucosides. In stems, incorporation into (+)-erythro-[¹⁴C]SGSE (0.037%) with 9.1% enantiomeric excess (% e.e.) was found; incorporation into the threo isomer was not detectable. Erythro-[¹⁴C]SGSE glucosides (0.047%) dominated over threo forms (0.007%) with 74.0% diastereomeric excess (% d.e.); both diastereomers were levorotatory with 32.0% e.e. and 18.3% e.e., respectively. In leaves, higher incorporation into (−)-erythro-[¹⁴C]SGSE (0.500%, 15.9% e.e.) than into the threo isomer (0.206%, 7.4% e.e.) was observed (41.6% d.e.). (−)-Erythro-[¹⁴C]SGSE glucosides (1.692%, 25.0% e.e.) were produced at higher rates than threo isomers (0.177%, 16.4% e.e.) with 81.0% d.e. In incubations of a mixture of [8-¹⁴C]sinapyl and [8-¹⁴C]coniferyl alcohols with an insoluble enzyme preparation from stems of E. ulmoides, erythro-SGSE was preferentially produced. The highest % d.e. (82.8) was observed at 60 min with the (+)-erythro isomer (21.4% e.e.) and the (−)-threo form (4.3% e.e.).Part of this report was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April 2002, and the 47th Lignin Symposium, Fukuoka, October 2002     

Stereochemistry and biosynthesis of 8-O-4′ neolignans in Eucommia ulmoides: diastereoselective formation of guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4′-(sinapyl alcohol) ether

Stereochemistry and biosynthesis of guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4′-(sinapyl alcohol) ether (GGSE), an 8-O-4′ neolignan, which consists of coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol moieties, in Eucommia ulmoides were investigated. Four 8-O-4′ neolignans, GGSE, syringylglycerol-8-O-4′-(coniferyl alcohol) ether (SGCE), guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4′-(coniferyl alcohol) ether (GGCE), and syringylglycerol-8-O-4′-(sinapyl alcohol) ether (SGSE), were synthesized. Their erythro and threo diastereomers were separated through acetonide derivatives, intermediates of the synthesis, and identified by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. All of the erythro-acetonide derivatives have larger coupling constants (ca 9 Hz) for the C₇-H resonances than those of the threo ones (1.5–2 Hz). In the case of the four 8-O-4′ neolignans, the C₇-H coupling constants of the threo-isomers are not smaller than those of the erythro ones. GGSE isolated previously from this plant was identified as the erythro isomer by comparison of the ¹³C-NMR data with synthetic erythro-GGSE and threo-GGSE and the other 8-O-4′ neolignans mentioned as above. Administration of a mixture of [8-¹⁴C]coniferyl alcohol and [8-¹⁴C]sinapyl alcohol to excised shoots of E. ulmoides was carried out and the incorporation of ¹⁴C into erythro-[¹⁴C]GGSE was found to be higher than that in threo-[¹⁴C]GGSE. The occurrence of diastereoselective formation of erythro-GGSE by cross coupling of coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols is suggested.Part of this paper was presented at the 47th Lignin Symposium, Fukuoka, October 2002 and the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, April 2003     

水稻颖花自然开放过程中茉莉酸(JA)生物合成的变化

外源茉莉酸(JA)及其甲酯(MeJA)对水稻、小麦、黑麦和高粱等禾本科植物颖花开放具有强烈的诱导效应，然而内源JA是否参与颖花开放的调控目前还缺乏充分的证据。本研究应用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)系统检测了粳稻武运粳7号和籼稻明恢63颖花自然开放过程中JA水平变化，并以实时定量反转录PCR (real-time RT-PCR)技术分析了武运粳7号颖花开放过程中JA生物合成途径关键基因表达变化。结果发现，水稻颖花JA水平的变化与开颖进程相一致。JA水平在上午颖花开颖前较平稳，开颖时急剧上升至峰值，闭颖后又下降。开颖时JA水平的峰值比开颖前1 h提高4~5倍。与JA水平变化相对应，催化JA生物合成途径关键步骤同工酶的编码基因OsDAD1-3、OsLOX-RCI1、OsAOS1、OsAOC和OsOPR7的表达在开颖时会有不同程度的上调，闭颖后又下调。同一稻穗上正在开放的颖花JA含量及上述JA生物合成途径基因的表达水平也比已开放和未开放的颖花高。颖花开放时JA水平及其生物合成基因表达的上升和闭颖后的下降有力地表明内源JA参与水稻颖花开放的调控。     

密闭法生物合成小口径细菌纤维素管

[目的]采用间歇式密闭培养法培养木醋杆菌,探讨该方法合成小口径细菌纤维素管的可行性并对管进行表征研究。[方法]以椰子水为培养基、硅胶管为渗氧载体,在密闭罐中培养木醋杆菌,以合成小口径细菌纤维素管,之后测定产物的湿态含水率,孔隙率,比较热干燥与冷冻干燥2种干燥条件的差异,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察培养产物的形貌。[结果]密闭式间歇培养法能生物合成小口径细菌纤维素管;通过不同干燥条件的比较发现,相比于热干燥,冷冻干燥更适合于管的储存及后续工作;通过扫描电镜观察合成的管壁及横截面结构,发现该管壁处有较致密的网孔结构,且管断面有明显的层状结构。[结论]小口径细菌纤维素管可通过间歇式密闭法合成,且管的管壁有纳米级孔径,提示其有作为分离膜的潜力。     

开发茶叶多酚类生物化学改良途径的遗传控制研究

茶叶的特征性成分是茶多酚、类黄酮衍生物和咖啡因,茶多酚的基本组成是类黄酮衍生化合物的次生代谢产物——儿茶素;儿茶素与其它类黄酮化合物的主要生物合成途径享有共性,因而具有相似的合成机制。多种植物的广泛研究表明,该生物合成途径受到决定主要产物的一系列结构和调控基因的严格控制。欲在茶树遗传改良产生最大价值,必须了解茶多酚合成途径的生物化学、分子和遗传控制。本文综述了儿茶素合成过程中类黄酮化合物合成途径和关键基因的最新研究结果,并列举了该途径的知识潜力及其应用。     

利用产黄青霉培养液的上清液生物合成纳米银影响因素的研究

[目的]对利用产黄青霉培养液的上清液生物合成纳米银的影响因素进行研究。[方法]利用紫外-可见光谱和投射电镜研究硝酸银起始浓度、pH值、光照和微波辐照等条件对合成反应速率及合成纳米银粒径的影响。[结果]硝酸银的最佳起始浓度为2 mmol/L;随着反应体系pH值的升高,反应速率随之加快,合成纳米银粒子的粒径变小;光照和微波辐照均能有效促进纳米银的合成。[结论]该研究为实现纳米银的可控合成提供了试验基础。     

磷素对小麦籽粒支链淀粉合成及其链长分布的影响

为探究不同磷水平对小麦籽粒支链淀粉合成与支链淀粉精细结构的影响。以新冬20号（南疆主栽）和新冬23号（北疆强筋面包小麦）为材料,研究了3种施磷(P₂O₅)量 0 kg·hm^-2（CK ）、105 kg·hm^-2（CP ）和210 kg·hm^-2（HP）对小麦籽粒支链淀粉合成相关酶基因表达、相关酶活性、籽粒支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉链长分布以及籽粒全磷含量的影响。结果表明,施磷显著提高了支链淀粉合成相关酶基因（ sbe1、 sbe2a、 sbe2b、 iso1）的表达量和籽粒支链淀粉含量。CP处理提高了支链淀粉B链段的比例,但降低了A链段的比例。两个参试小麦品种籽粒中支链淀粉合成关键酶的活性对磷素的敏感性不同,新冬 20号受磷水平影响较大。施磷提高了新冬20号胚乳中蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性和酶活高峰期的淀粉分支酶（SBE）活性,提前了新冬20号胚乳中淀粉去分支酶（DBE）活性峰值的出现时间。