Comparison of Resistance to Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (India) and Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (Israel) among Lycopersicon Wild Species, Breeding Lines and Hybrids

The objective of this study was to screen wild and domesticated tomatoes for resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Israel (TYLCV-Is) and Tomato leaf curl virus from Bangalore isolate 4, India (ToLCV-[Ban4]) to find sources of resistance to both viruses. A total of 34 tomato genotypes resistant/tolerant to TYLCV-Is were screened for resistance to ToLCV-[Ban4] under glasshouse and field conditions at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. Resistance was assessed by criteria like disease incidence, symptom severity and squash-blot hybridization. All the tomato genotypes inoculated with ToLCV-[Ban4] by the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) produced disease symptoms. In some plants of the lines 902 and 910, however, the virus was not detected by hybridization. The tomato genotypes susceptible to ToLCV-[Ban4] by whitefly-mediated inoculation were also found susceptible to the virus under field conditions. However, there were substantial differences between genotypes in disease incidence, spread, symptom severity and crop yield. Despite early disease incidence, many genotypes produced substantially higher yields than the local hybrid, Avinash-2. Sixteen tomato genotypes from India resistant/tolerant to ToLCV-[Ban4] were also tested for TYLCV-Is resistance at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. Accessions of wild species, Lycopersicon hirsutum LA 1777 and PI 390659 were the best sources of resistance to both viruses. Lines 902 and 910, which were, resistant to TYLCV-Is were only tolerant to ToLCV-[Ban4] and accession Lycopersicon peruvianum CMV Sel. INRA, resistant to ToLCV-[Ban4], was only tolerant to TYLCV-Is. Implications of using the resistant lines in breeding programme is discussed.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

宁夏地区烟粉虱对5种常用杀虫剂的抗药性

采用浸叶法分别测定了宁夏8个地区烟粉虱成虫田间种群对4类5种杀虫剂的抗性.结果 表明,供试烟粉虱种群对高效氯氰菊酯已产生了中等至极高水平抗性,抗性倍数为33.31～227.98倍;对烯啶虫胺产生了中等至高水平抗性,抗性倍数为12.14～69.33倍;对毒死蜱和吡虫啉产生了低至中等水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为7.63～38....     

烟粉虱模式识别受体βGRPs的先天免疫应答

为探索烟粉虱的β-1,3-葡聚糖识别蛋白(BtβGRP)在烟粉虱先天免疫过程中的重要作用,对烟粉虱中鉴定的3个BtβGRPs基因编码的蛋白质进行结构分析,并与其它物种的23个同源蛋白进行系统进化分析,同时通过实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,q RT-PCR)检测分析球孢白僵菌侵染烟粉虱不同虫态不同时间点后BtβGRPs的时间表达模式。结果显示:经鉴定3个BtβGRPs蛋白序列均含有βGRP家族特有的保守性结构域,即糖苷水解酶活性结构域;且3个BtβGRPs独自聚在进化树的一支上,可能参与烟粉虱特有的级联路径;3个BtβGRPs基因在不同虫态和不同诱导时间点与对照相比,除BtβGRP3在卵期未表达外,均有上调表达趋势,但诱导程度不同;成虫诱导24~36 h后达到峰值,比卵和若虫稍晚,可能是由于烟粉虱成虫体表有白色蜡粉等物质,延迟了球孢白僵菌对虫体的侵染。研究表明3个BtβGRPs蛋白可能参与了烟粉虱对真菌侵染的免疫反应,有可能成为烟粉虱生防的新靶标。     

释放巴氏新小绥螨防治温室大棚番茄上的烟粉虱

烟粉虱是一种世界性重大害虫,随着杀虫剂的抗药性问题以及在蔬菜上的残留问题日益严重,生物防治成为解决这一问题的重要措施。本文研究了释放巴氏新小绥螨对温室大棚番茄上自然发生的烟粉虱种群的控制作用。结果表明:释放巴氏新小绥螨,对温室大棚番茄上的烟粉虱的种群具有明显的压制作用;温室大棚番茄上烟粉虱种群,在释放捕食螨和常规对照处理间的总体动态趋势相同,烟粉虱的数量在番茄植株上的分布均为上部中部下部叶片,但常规对照处理的烟粉虱数量是释放捕食螨处理的2～3倍;在烟粉虱种群密度低时,释放巴氏新小绥螨的防治效果较好,达到90%以上,随着烟粉虱密度的增大,巴氏新小绥螨对烟粉虱的防治效果下降,但番茄拉秧时防效仍可达到55.70%。相比化学农药,释放巴氏新小绥螨的生物防治措施对治理烟粉虱更具有稳定性和长效性的优势。     

成团泛菌 Ljb-2 对番茄黄化曲叶病毒病的田间防效初步研究

 成团泛菌（Pantoe agglomerans）Ljb-2 是从番茄生境中分离得到的对番茄黄化曲叶病毒病 （tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease,TYLCD）具有较好防效的拮抗细菌,其对温室中番茄感病品种‘格 瑞斯’TYLCD 的防控效果为49.77%。2012 年4—8 月在连云港进行的田间试验结果表明,该菌株在田间 条件下对感病品种‘格瑞斯’TYLCD 的防效达到57.12%。2012 年7—12 月,将该菌株进行田间防治试 验,结果表明,番茄移栽60 d 时,Ljb-2 对番茄中抗品种‘迪芬妮’TYLCD 的防效达到45.26%。同时, 用Ljb-2 处理番茄植株后,能显著增加叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b 及总叶绿素含量,提高果实中维生素C、 可溶性糖、可滴定酸含量及糖酸比,对果实品质具有明显的改善作用。此外,对番茄的增产效果达到 20.05%。     

山西烟粉虱寄主植物及其被害程度调查

连续3年对山西省烟粉虱的寄主植物进行调查、鉴定,并根据寄主植物上烟粉虱的种群数量将其危害程度划分为4个等级。调查结果:山西省现有烟粉虱寄主植物27科103种(变种),其中葫芦科、十字花科、茄科和豆科等被害较为严重。全省以晋南地区受害最重,寄主种类较多。     

番茄褪绿病毒病在山东设施西葫芦上的发生及潜在危害

番茄褪绿病毒tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV)是我国蔬菜生产的重要新发病毒,其寄主范围逐年扩大。2019年10月项目组在山东寿光西葫芦温室调查时发现部分叶片呈现黄化、脉间褪绿,类似于ToCV侵染症状,并伴有烟粉虱发生。利用特异性引物检测发现,扩增的目的片段与GenBank中登录的侵染番茄的ToCV基因序列(登录号：KC887998.1)同源性高达99.58%,充分说明西葫芦植株已被ToCV侵染。通过对病毒病发生规律和烟粉虱虫口数量调查发现,西葫芦定植后1个月表现侵染症状的植株为2.0%,定植后2个月达到4.2%,定植后4个月后高达68.2%,病毒发生呈指数增长,而烟粉虱虫口数量却维持较低密度。从济南和德州采集的西葫芦疑似病叶和烟粉虱中也检出ToCV病毒,说明该病毒可能已经在山东省设施西葫芦主要种植区普遍发生,并经烟粉虱广泛传播,需引起高度重视。     

烟粉虱MED隐种对13种植物挥发性物质的行为反应

为明确烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MED隐种对不同植物挥发性物质的行为选择,采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了烟粉虱雌、雄成虫对13种植物挥发性物质的趋向行为反应。结果显示,烟粉虱MED隐种雌、雄成虫对不同浓度植物挥发性物质的选择性存在明显差异。1、0.01和0.0001μL/μL浓度的芳樟醇、反-2-己烯醛和桉树脑对烟粉虱MED隐种雌、雄虫校正反应率均为正值,具显著吸引效果;而p-伞花烃、月桂烯、3-蒈烯、α-蒎烯和顺-3-己烯-1-醇对雌、雄成虫的校正反应率均为负值,说明其对烟粉虱MED隐种雌、雄虫具有不同程度的趋避性。雌烟粉虱对0.0001μL/μL浓度桉树脑的选择率达最大值70.30%,与对照差异显著,具显著吸引作用。雌、雄烟粉虱对0.01μL/μL浓度的顺-3-己烯-1-醇的选择率最小,仅为24.75%和27.03%,具显著驱避作用。因此,烟粉虱MED隐种雌、雄成虫对不同浓度植物挥发性物质趋性反应不同,可能是烟粉虱环境适应性的表现。     

徐州地区烟粉虱发生规律及治理措施初探

通过近2a观察表明,徐州地区烟粉虱在田间消长大致分4个阶段,成虫有4个主要迁移期;其喜干热、耐高湿的生活习性、冬季保护地栽培面积的扩大、外来虫源的传入及防治不力是烟粉虱种群数量累积并引起暴发的主要原因;主要寄主有9科20余种栽培作物;寄主植株上虫量垂直分布:棉花上部>中部>下部,温室蔬菜一般中、下部>上部。可采取严格检疫、清洁田园、轮作换茬、黄板诱杀、覆盖防虫网、保护和利用天敌、药剂防治等措施进行治理。