Exogenous application of allelopathic water extracts helps improving tolerance against terminal heat and drought stresses in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Em. Thell.)

The allelopathic water extracts (AWEs) may help improve the tolerance of crop plants against abiotic stresses owing to the presence of the secondary metabolites (i.e., allelochemicals). We conducted four independent experiments to evaluate the influence of exogenous application of AWEs (applied through seed priming or foliage spray) in improving the terminal heat and drought tolerance in bread wheat. In all the experiments, two wheat cultivars, viz. Mairaj‐2008 (drought and heat tolerant) and Faisalabad‐2008 (drought and heat sensitive), were raised in pots. Both wheat cultivars were raised under ambient conditions in the wire house till leaf boot stage (booting) by maintaining the pots at 75% water‐holding capacity (WHC). Then, managed drought and heat stresses were imposed by maintaining the pots at 35% WHC, or shifting the pots inside the glass canopies (at 75% WHC), at booting, anthesis and the grain filling stages. Drought stress reduced the grain yield of wheat by 39%–49%. Foliar application of AWEs improved the grain yield of wheat by 26%–31%, while seed priming with AWEs improved the grain yield by 18%–26%, respectively, than drought stress. Terminal heat stress reduced the grain yield of wheat by 38%. Seed priming with AWEs improved the grain yield by 21%–27%; while foliar application of AWEs improved the grain yield by 25%–29% than the heat stress treatment. In conclusion, the exogenous application of AWEs improved the stay green, accumulation of proline, soluble phenolics and glycine betaine, which helped to stabilize the biological membranes and improved the tolerance against terminal drought and heat stresses.     

基于蜜蜂免疫进化算法的湖泊富营养化评价

为建立对多个指标皆适用的湖泊富营养化评价模型,在对各营养状态指标值进行规范变换的基础上构建一个对多项指标的规范值均适用的湖泊营养状态的对数型幂函数指数公式,并采用蜜蜂免疫进化算法对公式中的参数进行优化,获得湖泊营养状态的对数型幂函数普适指数公式。将普适公式应用于武汉东湖10个湖区的营养状态评价分析,其评价结果与用幂函数加和型指数公式的评价结果完全一致,并与实际相符合,表明蜜蜂免疫进化算法用于富营养化评价模型中的参数优化是可行的。     

QTL Mapping for Dough Mixing Characteristics in a Recombinant Inbred Population Derived from a Waxy × Strong Gluten Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Protein and starch are the most important traits in determining processing quality in wheat. In order to understand the genetic basis of the influence of Waxy protein (Wx) and high molecular weight gluten subunit (HMW-GS) on processing quality, 256 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of waxy wheat Nuomai 1 and Gaocheng 8901 were used as mapping population. DArT (diversity arrays technology), SSR (simple sequence repeat), HMW-GS, and Wx markers were used to construct the molecular genetic linkage map. QTLs for mixing peak time (MPT), mixing peak value (MPV), mixing peak width (MPW), and mixing peak integral (MPI) of Mixograph parameters were evaluated in three different environments. The genetic map comprised 498 markers, including 479 DArT, 14 SSR, 2 HMW-GS, and 3 Wx protein markers, covering 4 229.7 cM with an average distance of 9.77 cM. These markers were identified on 21 chromosomes. Eighteen additive QTLs were detected in three different environments, which were distributed on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 4A, 6A, and 7D. QMPT-1D.1 and QMPT-1D.2 were close to the Glu-D1 marker accounting for 35.2, 22.22 and 36.57% of the phenotypic variance in three environments, respectively. QMPV-1D and QMPV-4A were detected in all environments, and QMPV-4A was the nearest to Wx-B1. One minor QTL, QMPI-1A, was detected under three environments with the genetic distances of 0.9 cM from the nearest marker Glu-A1, explaining from 5.31 to 6.67% of the phenotypic variance. Three pairs of epistatic QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2D and 4A. Therefore, this genetic map is very important and useful for quality trait related QTL mapping in wheat. In addition, the finding of several major QTLs, based on the genetic analyses, further suggested the importance of Glu-1 loci on dough mixing characteristics.     

面包及蛋糕的质构与感官评价的相关性研究

为了系统的量化不同厂家生产的、不同添加物、不同产品类型的面包和蛋糕的感官品质,采用物性测试仪和感官评价法,研究面包和蛋糕的质构与感官品质的相关性。结果表明：硬度和弹性指标可系统的量化同一厂家生产的不同添加物的面包和不同厂家生产的全麦面包的感官品质;弹性可系统的量化不同厂家生产的白面包的感官品质;回复性可系统的量化不同产品类型的海绵蛋糕的感官品质;硬度、黏聚性、咀嚼性、回复性可系统的量化不同添加物的戚风蛋糕的感官品质;硬度、弹性、黏聚性可系统的量化不同种类的蛋糕的感官品质。     

燕麦混粉馒头加工品质特性评价

在传统的馒头加工过程中,添加一定比例的燕麦粉,研究其对馒头感官品质和质构的影响。结果表明,在小麦粉中添加适量的燕麦粉,加工出的馒头在结构、色泽、韧性等感官特性方面都有改善,馒头的硬度、咀嚼性、黏聚性等物性参数得到改变。当燕麦粉添加量为25%时,不仅馒头感官评价得分最高,而且营养价值也得到极大提高。因此,建议在馒头加工中添加25%的燕麦粉为宜。     

酶解油菜蜂花粉抑制超氧阴离子自由基的研究

【研究目的】探讨油菜蜂花粉中水溶性有效组分的抗氧化能力及其在黄嘌呤氧化酶体系中抑制O2-.的机理。【方法】采用酶解技术和膜分离技术提取分离油菜蜂花粉中水溶性抗氧化有效组分,用黄嘌呤氧化酶体系测定酶解物的不同相对分子质量级分淬灭超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)的能力。【结果】实验结果表明,经酶解和超滤后得到的相对分子质量大于1000的组分抑制O2-.的效果非常显著【结论】酶解和膜分离技术是提高花粉抗氧化功效成分含量的有效途径。     

微晶化豆渣膳食纤维在面包中的应用研究

试验选择微晶化的豆渣膳食纤维为原料,通过焙烤试验,对添加豆渣膳食纤维的面包品质进行比较分析,并通过添加适量的面筋粉改善豆渣膳食纤维面包品质。以感官评价为指标,通过正交试验,得出最佳的工艺条件和参数为:豆渣膳食纤维的添加比例6%,面筋粉比例5%,发酵时间45min,可以得到品质较好的高纤维面包。     

Development of a kompetitive allele‐specific PCR marker for selection of the mutated Wx‐D1d allele in wheat breeding

Waxy (Wx) protein is a key enzyme for synthesis of amylose in endosperm. Amylose content in wheat grain influences the quality of end‐use products. Seven alleles have been described at the Wx‐D1 locus, but only two of them (Wx‐D1b, Wx‐D1e) were genotyped with codominant markers. The waxy wheat line K107Wx1 developed by treating ‘Kanto 107’ seeds with ethyl methanesulphonate carries the Wx‐D1d allele. However, no molecular basis supports this nomenclature. In the present study, DNA sequence analysis confirmed that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the sixth exon of Wx‐D1 changed tryptophan at position 301 into a termination codon. Based on this sequence variation, a PCR‐based KASP marker was developed to detect this point mutation using 68 BC₈F₁ plants and 297 BC₈F₂ lines derived from the cross ‘Ningmai 14’*9/K107Wx1. Combined with codominant markers for the Wx‐A1 and Wx‐B1 alleles, waxy and non‐waxy near‐isogenic lines were distinguished. The KASP marker was efficient in identifying the mutant allele and can be used to transfer waxiness to elite lines.     

Whole wheat bread: Effect of bran fractions on dough and end-product quality

Consumption of whole-wheat based products is encouraged due to their important nutritional elements that benefit human health. However, the use of whole-wheat flour is limited because of the poor processing and end-product quality. Bran was postulated as the major problem in whole wheat breadmaking. In this study, four major bran components including lipids, extractable phenolics (EP), hydrolysable phenolics (HP), and fiber were evaluated for their specific functionality in flour, dough and bread baking. The experiment was done by reconstitution approach using the 2⁴ factorial experimental layout. Fiber was identified as a main component to have highly significant (P < 0.05) and negative influence on most breadmaking characteristics. Although HP had positive effect on farinograph stability, it was identified as another main factor that negatively impacted the oven spring and bread loaf volume. Bran oil and EP seemed to be detrimental to most breadmaking characteristics. Overall, statistical analysis indicates that influence of the four bran components are highly complex. The bran components demonstrate multi-way interactions in regards to their influence on dough and bread-making characteristics. Particularly, Fiber appeared to have a high degree of interaction with other bran components and notably influenced the functionality of those components in whole wheat bread-making.     

信阳绿茶主食面包的研制

将信阳毛尖绿茶研磨成粉添加到主食面包中制备信阳绿茶主食面包,研究不同绿茶粉添加量对主食面包比容、感官品质、水分含量及酸度的影响。结果表明,绿茶粉最佳添加量为面包粉质量的3%,此时得到的绿茶主食面包比容为5.75 m L/g,感官品质评分98分,水分含量32.7%,茶多酚含量0.386 g/100 g,酸度2.98°T;绿茶面包表皮完整且丰满,无焦斑,色泽均匀,稍有茶叶的黄绿色,组织紧密有弹性、耐咀嚼,有茶叶的清香,无茶苦味,且具有较好的营养保健功能,市场前景广阔。