绵阳官司河流域水土流失综合报告

报告简述域地质地貌水文气象土壤，植被等地理因素的概况及其与土壤侵蚀的关系，指出本流域由于长防林的建立，发挥了保持水土作用，水土流失不严重，属轻度－中度侵蚀，最大侵蚀模数小于７４００［ｔ／（ｋｍ＾２．年］，全区平均侵蚀模数１７５４．４２［ｔ／ｋｍ＾２．年］；确定了水土流失类型，即片蚀，沟蚀，母质侵蚀三大类；分析了水土流失的原因：以泥岩和灰白砂岩，第四纪冰碛物堆积土侵蚀最高测定不同精植被类型的土壤质地     

Effects of changing spatial scale on acoustic observations of patchiness in the Gulf Stream

We examine the influence of spatial scale on studies of nektonic patchiness at the north edge of the Gulf Stream by altering the grain size of acoustic cross sections and applying a patch-finding algorithm. From original pictures of 180 pixels deep by 540–1260 pixels long, we averaged depth and length, to give 9 scales ranging from fine grain (1 m vertical × 25 m horizontal sized pixels) to coarse grain (12 m × 300 m sized pixels). Measures of overall echo intensity within patches were the most predictable and showed little change with scale. Measures of variability of the echo within patches showed simple negative trends with scale and were best measured at fine spatial scales. Patch size and shape related variables have a more complex relationship with scale with differences between day and night transects more pronounced at intermediate scales. This suggests behavioral patch forming mechanisms within the nekton occur at a specific grain size (4 m vertical × 100 m horizontal) within the Gulf Stream front.     

Spatio-temporal modelling of broad scale heterogeneity in soil moisture content: a basis for an ecologically meaningful classification of soil landscapes

We describe the classification of landscapes characterised bymineral soil using a model that calculates soil moisture availability on amonthly basis. Scotland is used as a case study area. The model uses potentialsoil moisture deficit, estimated using broad scale (40 × 40 km)climate patterns, in conjunction with meteorological station measurements toobtain finer scale values of climatic soil moisture deficit. Point estimates ofsoil available water are obtained for soil characteristics using appropriatepedotransfer functions, and geostatistical techniques are used to upscale theresults and interpolate to a 1-km grid. Known heterogeneityin soil physical characteristics is used to provide local corrections to thepotential soil moisture deficit, estimated using the climatic variables above.Temporal profiles of monthly water content are modelled for each1-km location and classified into six classes usingunsupervised cluster analysis. The spatial distribution of these classesreflects regional variations in the availability of moisture and energy, onwhich finer-grained topographic patterns are superimposed. In the case study,the broad scale spatial heterogeneity of heathlands and grasslands on mineralsoils in Scotland is shown to be strongly related to the soil moistureclassification. The results can be used in studies investigating the patternsofdistribution of communities at the landscape and regional scale.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

草鱼鳞酶解物的制备及其促嗜热链球菌生长作用

为提高水产品综合利用率和开发新型益生菌功能性食品,以鱼类加工副产物草鱼鳞为研究对象,利用风味蛋白酶对其进行酶解,并以酶解物促嗜热链球菌增殖作用为评价指标,结合单因素试验与响应面Box-Benhnken中心组合试验优化酶解工艺,得到最优酶解条件：酶解时间3.8 h,料液比（w/v） 1∶3.2 g/mL,加酶量6.2%。在此条件下,嗜热链球菌增殖量ΔOD₆₀₀=1.173 4 ±0.015 0。同时,将最优酶解条件下得到的酶解物进行膜过滤分离,得到分子量<1 ku、1~<3 ku、3~<5 ku、5~<10 ku、≥10 ku的5个组分,并进一步就各组分对嗜热链球菌的生长曲线和产酸能力的影响进行研究。结果表明,在嗜热链球菌24 h的生长曲线中,分子量<1 ku的组分促嗜热链球菌生产和产酸效果最好：嗜热链球菌增殖量ΔOD₆₀₀为1.050,培养基的pH比初始值降低了1.06。     

新疆奎屯河流域平原区生态需水研究

新疆奎屯河流域地处我国西北干旱区,随着人口增加和经济发展,国民经济需水与生态需水已成为流域水资源开发利用和生态环境保护的主要矛盾。因此,为了实现奎屯河流域水资源的可持续利用及国民经济的可持续发展,急需对生态需水进行研究。本文以流域社会经济与生态环境协调发展为目标,分析了奎屯河流域存在的主要生态环境问题,在干旱区生态需水概念与分类的基础上,给出了奎屯河流域生态需水的界定范围。在此前提下,从流域生态环境现状及未来需求出发,采用不同的计算方法,对流域生态需水进行了计算,可为流域水资源优化配置及生态环境建设提供科学的依据。结果表明:奎屯河流域生态需水达5.65×108m3,占流域水资源总量16.98×108m3的33.3%,占径流总量15.41×108m3的36.7%。其中天然绿洲生态需水为2.41×108m3,占生态需水的43%;人工绿洲生态需水达3.24×108m3,占生态需水的57%。     

高寒温带干旱区农牧业生态系统的能值分析——以柴达木盆地为例

能值理论是综合分析生态经济系统的各种能量流的转换机理,并定量研究生态效益与经济效益及其相互关系的重要理论。本文以柴达木盆地(青海海西州)的农牧生态经济系统为例,通过一系列的能值指标的建立和能值的投入产出分析,定量分析海西州农牧业生态系统的特点,并发现该地区农牧业生产中存在的问题,从而为本地区和相似区域农牧业的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

近43年黄河上游来水来沙变化特点

选取黄河头道拐站实测水沙序列(1960-2002年)资料,对水沙序列进行了多时间尺度和趋势识别的小波分析。结果表明:①黄河上游来水来沙量汛期所占比例减少,而非汛期所占比例增加;在年际变化上,水沙量逐年减少;同时,水沙相关关系具有一定的变化;②黄河上游水沙序列具有相同的多时间尺度(准周期)变化,但同一尺度下,水沙所处的丰枯变化并不一致;③年水沙序列趋势变化基本一致,20世纪80年代以来,两者存在明显减少趋势;但在非汛期,两者的趋势变化有较大区别。     

区域尺度分布式水文模拟的时空分辨率

基于数据实验,就区域尺度分布式水文模拟中时空分辨率匹配问题进行讨论,就分布式水文建模中时空分辨率匹配问题提出建议。结果表明:低分辨率高程数据在区域水文要素空间离散过程中,导致边界错位、高程趋于集中、坡度变缓、河网稀疏失真等不良后果,在区域水文模拟研究中,应根据不同时间尺度对应的科学计算需求,选择适宜的空间分辨率数据进行模型平台构建。     

新疆环塔里木盆地经济圈的资源优势与发展对策

随着新疆战略地位的提高,新疆环塔里木盆地经济圈的发展逐步被重视。本文以区域经济发展为指导,通过分析新疆环塔里木盆地经济圈发展的资源优势,剖析存在的劣势及机遇,并在此基础上对其发展提出了对策与建议。     

黄河流域农业水资源优化配置

黄河流域水资源供需矛盾日趋尖锐，本文围绕水资源最优利用问题，对黄河流域水资源配置原则，农业水资源在地区之间、作物之间以及作物不同生育阶段之间的合理配置进行了分析、探讨。