槟榔间作香露兜对香露兜光合特性和香气成分的影响

为了研究槟榔与香露兜间作后香露兜叶片光合特性及香气成分变化,通过田间试验,比较槟榔间作香露兜处理和香露兜单作对照在叶片的光合特性和香气成分等差异。结果表明,处理叶片的净光合速率显著增加,叶片温度显著降低,叶片净光合速率和叶温间负相关关系达到显著水平;处理和对照叶片中共鉴定出9类31种香气成分,其中处理叶片的大量香气成分如角鲨烯、叶绿醇、新植二烯、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、3-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮、丙酮醇以及特征香气成分2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉等17种共有香气成分含量显著高于对照,丙酮酸甲酯和呋喃酮含量显著低于对照;叶片香气成分中角鲨烯和3-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮含量与净光合速率呈显著正相关关系,2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉、角鲨烯、叶绿醇、新植二烯、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、3-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮以及丙酮醇等挥发性香气成分含量均与叶片温度呈极显著负相关关系。由此可见,槟榔间作香露兜能提高香露兜叶片的净光合速率并降低叶片温度,进而提高主要香气成分含量和提升香露兜叶片品质,可为槟榔林下间作香露兜高效栽培模式的推广应用提供理论支撑。     

海南省槟榔主要病害调查研究

2007~2009年在海南省琼海、万宁、陵水、三亚、屯昌、文昌等地槟榔主要种植区,对目前槟榔生产上的主要病害种类及其发生情况进行了调查研究。结果共采集到槟榔病害标本140余份,对主要病害病原进行分离培养,并在显微镜下以形态特征为主进行鉴定,共鉴定出8种主要病害,其中危害最严重的病害为黄化病,其它7种病害为炭疽病、细菌性条斑病、藻斑病、煤烟病、大茎点霉叶斑病、镰刀菌根腐病和生理性黄化病。     

Soil Fertility Changes due to Drip Fertigation in Arecanut-Cocoa System

The effects of drip fertigation of NPK and vermicompost extract (VCE) on soil fertility status of arecanut-only and arecanut-cocoa systems were assessed in a 4-year field study. In arecanut, soil pH was reduced over initial levels. At 0–30 cm deep, fertigation of 75 percent NPK to arecanut only and organic-matter recycling in arecanut + cocoa maintained significantly greater soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil-test phosphorus (P). At the first depth, soil potassium (K) was significantly greater with 75 percent NPK (246 mg kg^?1) than other treatments. In cocoa, soil pH varied significantly due to fertigation at both depths. The SOC was reduced due to 75 percent NPK at the first depth. In cocoa, the P availability increased significantly with application of VCE at 20 percent N. Fertigation of 75 percent NPK maintained significantly greater soil K and soil Mg than other treatments. The results suggest that drip fertigation of NPK sustains the soil fertility status in arecanut and cocoa.     

海南屯昌县生态型高新农业调查报告

中国热带农业科学院调研组于2008年7月30～31日调查了海南屯昌县尖椒、槟榔生产,台资企业在屯昌的发展、文明生态村建设等情况。了解当地引进的新品种,高新农业技术在现代农业的应用以及农业生产中存在的问题。反映了海南省高新农业的发展现状,提出了发展建议。     

Response of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia A.) intercropped in arecanut to irrigation and nutrition in humid tropics of India

A 5-year field trial to assess the impact of microsprinkler irrigation and nutrition on vanilla grown as intercrop in arecanut plantation was conducted on a laterite soil. Pooled analysis indicated that microsprinkler irrigation at 1.0 Epan resulted in significantly higher green bean yield (842 kg ha⁻¹) than 0.75 Epan (579 kg ha⁻¹). Organic manure application in the form of vermicompost (720 kg ha⁻¹) and FYM (768 kg ha⁻¹) and recommended NPK (718 kg ha⁻¹) produced green bean yield at par with recycling of gliricidia prunings (625 kg ha⁻¹). Irrigation at 1.0 Epan proved superior by registering maximum benefit:cost (B:C) ratio of 2.25 compared to 1.62 at 0.75 Epan. The highest B:C ratio was obtained with recommended NPK (2.27) followed by recycling of gliricidia prunings (2.10), vermicompost (1.87), vermicompost + arecanut husk mulching (1.80) and FYM (1.64). The soil pH increased by 0.4 units in 2008 compared with the pre-experimental soil pH of 5.6 in 2004. Nutrition alone and in combination with irrigation had significant impact on soil pH. Organic manure application increased the soil pH (6.1-6.2) significantly over recommended NPK (5.6) at the end of experiment in 2008. Significant variation in soil organic carbon (SOC) was noticed due to different nutrition treatments. Application of vermicompost and FYM significantly increased the SOC content by 38-54% in 2008 over initial levels in 2004. Bray's P availability was influenced by nutrition and its interaction with irrigation. Application of FYM continuously for 4 years has resulted in significant increase in Bray's P content (41.3 mg kg⁻¹) compared to other nutrition treatments (9.4-17.2 mg kg⁻¹). Irrigation equivalent to 0.75 Epan (223 mg kg⁻¹) increased the K availability significantly over 1.0 Epan (172 mg kg⁻¹). The K availability was significantly higher in recommended NPK (416 mg kg⁻¹) than in other organic treatments (98-223 mg kg⁻¹) at 0-30 cm soil depth. Overall, vanilla responded well to irrigation and nutrition in arecanut-based cropping system with a better economic output and improved soil fertility.     

Impacts of Vermicompost and Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Application on Soil Fertility Status in Arecanut Grown on a Laterite Soil

A field experiment (1998 to 2010) investigated the effects of vermicompost (VC) and chemical fertilizer (CF) application alone or in combination on soil fertility status in arecanut. Vermicompost significantly increased the soil pH (6.3) over CF and integrated treatments (5.7–5.8). Greater soil organic carbon was noticed with VC (2.85–3.00%) than with CF (1.72–1.89%) and VC + CF (1.89–2.55%) in 2009. Soil test phosphorus (P) (mg kg^–1) significantly increased with VC 200% nitrogen (N) equivalency (35.3) compared to other treatments (8.5–23.3) at the 0- to 30-cm depth in 2009. In 2003, soil test potassium (K) (mg kg^–1) was significantly greater with CF at depths of both 0–30 cm (162–187) and 30–60 cm (172–214) than VC and control. Soil test K depleted with VC application in 2009. Application of VC significantly improved soil test calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compared to CF, CF + VC, and control at 0–30 cm deep. Soil test values for micronutrients increased in 2009 compared to initial status.     

Impact of intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants with organic farming approach on resource use efficiency in arecanut (Areca catechu L.) plantation in India

The present investigation was conducted at Vittal, Karnataka, India during 2004-2007 to study the feasibility of intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in arecanut plantation. The results revealed that MAPs can be successfully grown as intercrops in arecanut plantation with increased productivity and net income per unit area. Kernel equivalent yield of MAPs varied between 272 kg ha⁻¹ in case of Piper longum to 1218 kg ha⁻¹ in Cymbopogon flexuosus. Pooled data indicated that Asparagus racemosus produced fresh root yield of 10,666 kg ha⁻¹ of arecanut plantation and contributed to maximum kernel equivalent yield of 1524 kg ha⁻¹ among all medicinal and aromatic plants. Intercropping of MAPs in arecanut was found economical. The net return per rupee investment was highest in C. flexuosus (4.25) followed by Bacopa monnieri (3.64), Ocimum basilicum (3.46) and Artemisia pallens (3.12). The total system productivity of arecanut + MAPs intercropping system varied from 2990 to 4144 kg ha⁻¹. Arecanut + O. basilicum intercropping system registered significantly higher production efficiency 8.2 kg ha⁻¹ day⁻¹ than other systems. Intercropping of MAPs had more positive effect on soil pH in arecanut based cropping system. The soil pH was 5.6 in 2004 and it was 0.3-0.9 units higher in 2007. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content varied significantly due to intercropping of MAPs at the end of experiment. The SOC content increased in Aloe vera, A. pallens, P. longum and B. monnieri, while it depleted in grasses and rhizomatic MAPs. Based on demand and marketing opportunities for MAPs, farmers are advised to grow aromatic plants in large areas on a community basis to meet huge industrial demand and variety of medicinal crops in small areas to meet the requirement of traditional systems of medicine.     

槟榔不同叶序Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的测定与变化规律

对槟榔不同叶序叶片Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn 4种微量元素含量进行测定并对其变化规律进行分析。结果表明:(1)1~7叶序Fe元素含量先增加而后下降,至第5叶达最大水平,Mn元素含量明显增加,Cu元素含量从第3叶开始明显下降,Zn含量各叶序间无明显变化趋势。(2)成龄树体的Fe含量变化范围为122.3~158.5μg/g,Mn为172.2~418.8μg/g,Cu为3.0~4.7μg/g,Zn为39.1~42.0μg/g。(3)第5叶作为营养诊断的采样叶位。     

槟榔营养特性与营养诊断方法的研究

本文通过对海南岛西部(热作两院)、中部(屯昌)、东部(定安、琼海)正常槟榔园的土壤和叶片营养状况的调查和分析,研究海南岛不同地区正常槟榔树的营养特性和营养诊断方法。其结果表明:(1)各地区土壤类型和肥力特点虽有差异,但正常槟榔树营养状况除火山灰土壤的镁含量偏高外,其他养分含量没有地域性的变化。(2)槟榔叶片养分含量,除镁素外都存在月份间的不同变化和差异。(3)叶片不同着生部位(叶序),对叶片养分含量有一定影响,总的趋向是低部位(老叶)的氮、磷、钾含量都低于高部位,而钙含量则相反。(4)同一小叶,其不同分段养分分布不均匀,氮、钙含量叶片末端>中段>基部,钾含量则相反;磷和镁在不同叶序的小叶中分布规律不一致。(5)根据多点调查和分析结果,初步确定槟榔正常结果树养分含量的适宜范围为氮2.50—3.00%,磷0.22—0.24%,钾0.80—1.00%,钙0.40—0.55%,镁0.24—0.28%;槟榔正常幼树为氮2.50—2.70%,磷0.17—0.23%,钾0.70—0.95%,钙0.40—0.50%,镁0.18—0.24%。应用叶序间养分含量梯度,能对氮、钾做出更准确的诊断。     

Influence of Biomass Partitioning and Nutrient Uptake on Yield of Arecanut Grown on a Laterite Soil

The present investigation was conducted on a laterite soil to study biomass partitioning and nutrient-uptake pattern in the aboveground parts of arecanut palm and their relationships to yield. Total biomass production was significantly greater in high-yielding plants (43.6 kg palm^?1) than in low-yielding plants (30.8 kg palm^?1). Total standing biomass of trunk accounted for 69–74% of the total aboveground biomass in arecanut palm. Dry-matter partitioning to kernel was only 4–10% of the total biomass. The uptake of major nutrients varied significantly between low- and high-yielding plants. Calcium (Ca) uptake was greater by trunk than by other parts, while magnesium (Mg) accumulation was similar in trunk and leaf. The uptake of micronutrients by aboveground parts except leaf was significantly different between low- and high-yielding plants. The present study indicated that combined effect of greater biomass production and nutrient uptake had direct impact on marketable yield of arecanut.