Growth performance of the white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,fed on practical diets with increasing levels of the Antarctic krill meal,Euphausia superba,reared in clear‐ versus green‐water culture tanks

Litopenaeus vannamei were stocked in 25 clear‐water 500‐L tanks at 100 shrimp m^?2 and in 25 green‐water 1000‐L tanks at 60 animals m^?2. Four diets were formulated to include krill meal at 10, 50 or 110 g kg^?1; or krill oil at 25 g kg^?1 by replacing fish meal, fish oil, soybean lecithin and cholesterol. Diets had similar levels of crude protein, total energy and essential amino acids. After 72 days, shrimp reared in clear and green water showed no differences in performance among diets. In clear water, shrimp attained 13.1 ± 0.59 g body weight, 1.00 ± 0.06 g week^?1 growth, 81.4 ± 7.3% survival, 780 ± 118 g m^?2 yield, 16.9 ± 1.8 g shrimp^?1 apparent feed intake (AFI), and 2.18 ± 0.29 food conversion ratio (FCR). In green water, shrimp attained 14.3 ± 0.81 g body weight, 1.04 ± 0.09 g week^?1 growth, 91.4 ± 5.4% survival, 569 ± 69 g m^?2 yield, 20.9 ± 3.2 g shrimp^?1 AFI, and 2.22 ± 0.34 FCR. Diets containing krill meal or krill oil were able to fully replace the protein and lipid value of fish meal, fish oil, soybean lecithin and cholesterol at no cost to performance.     

Extraction and Characterization of Phospholipid-Enriched Oils from Antarctic Krill (Euphausia Superba) with Different Solvents

Krill oils (KOs) were extracted from Antarctic krill using ethanol, hexane, or their mixture (1:2, v/v) with yields of 21.32%, 8.50%, and 18.75%, respectively. The total nitrogen content of the aforementioned oils was 2.76%, 1.06%, and 1.87%, respectively, indicating the presence of lipoprotein. All KOs contained a high proportion of phospholipid (PL) (30.20–64.82% of total lipids) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (30.00–34.94% of total FAs). Among PL, phosphatidylcholine was dominant (89.81–90.60 mol %). In contrast, KO extracted with the mixed solvent had the highest amount of glycerophosphocholine species containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).     

南极磷虾形态特性对虾肉质量的影响

通过研究影响南极磷虾虾肉质量的主要形态特性,丰富南极磷虾生物学资料,同时为南极磷虾脱壳设备的设计提供理论基础。随机选取南极磷虾100尾,测定体长(X₁)、头胸甲长(X₂)、腹部长(X₃)、尾扇长(X₄)、头胸甲宽(X₅)、腹部宽(X₆)及虾肉质量(Y)7个形态特征,采用相关分析和通径分析方法分析形态特征对虾肉质量的影响效应。相关分析结果表明南极磷虾的形态特征与虾肉质量的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);经通径分析和回归显著性检验,建立腹部长(X₃)、腹部宽(X₆)对虾肉质量(Y)的多元回归方程Y=-0.187+0.008X₃+0.032X₆,回归系数达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。通径分析显示,腹部长与腹部宽对虾肉质量的通径系数达到（极）显著水平,是影响虾肉质量的重要形态特征指标,其中腹部长对虾肉质量的直接作用最大;头胸甲长和头胸甲宽通过间接作用影响虾肉质量。     

Element concentrations in meals from krill and amphipods, — Possible alternative protein sources in complete diets for farmed fish

In the marine environment, organisms from lower trophic levels seem as a good alternative to the traditional meal and oil sources. In the present study, meals were produced from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Arctic krill (Thysanoessa inermis) and the Arctic amphipod Themisto libellula. Diets were then prepared for Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod where up to 100% of the fish meal protein was replaced by protein from these organisms. Concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) were determined by ICP-MS in the various krill and amphipod meals, complete diets and muscle samples from fish fed these diets. The element concentrations were related to growth and general fish health as well as present EU legislations on feed ingredients and complete diets. The cod showed no difference in growth during the trial, while salmon fed diets where 40% of the fish meal protein was replaced with Arctic krill or amphipod meal shoved improved SGR during the first period of feeding (first 100 days). No adverse effects on growth rate or fish health were observed in any fish species or treatment. Nevertheless, high levels of Cu were found in the meal from Antarctic krill (46 mg kg^− 1 dry matter (dm)) resulting in a dietary level of Cu exceeding the upper limit for complete feedingstuff set by EU. Furthermore, the Cd level found in the meal from amphipod (12 mg kg^− 1 dm) was 6 times higher than EU's upper limit. This indicates limitations for the use of certain zooplanktons as alternative protein sources in feed for farmed fish, unless future processing methods yield lower levels of these unwanted elements.     

Evaluation of krill (Euphausia superba) meal as a partial replacement for fish meal in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets

We studied partial replacement of fish meal (FM) by krill meal (KM) and how fluoride from KM enriched-muscles and bones of rainbow trout reared in freshwater affected these fish. Diets that replaced FM with KM at proportions of 0, 7, 15 and 30% (control, KM7, KM15, and KM30) were fed to groups of rainbow trout for 92 days and growth was observed. In fish fed KM7 and KM15, weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and specific growth rate (SGR) were unchanged compared with fish fed the control diet, but in fish fed KM30, WG, FI and SGR significantly decreased. After the experiment, fluoride concentration in dorsal muscles of each experimental group was below the detected limit (1 mg/kg), but in vertebral bones, the fluoride concentration increased with each increase in KM inclusion in the diets: 490 mg/kg (control), 755 mg/kg (KM7), 1100 mg/kg (KM15), and 2400 mg/kg (KM30). Tissue specimens of liver of each experimental group had no histopathological changes. Therefore, accumulation of fluoride in vertebral bones apparently adversely affected growth of the vertebral bones thus affecting the growth performance as shown by the decrease in WG, FI and SGR.     

南极磷虾油软胶囊囊皮配方的设计与优化

南极磷虾油不仅含有丰富的?-3脂肪酸(如EPA、DHA),而且富含虾青素,可以开发成高附加值的保健食品南极磷虾油软胶囊。软胶囊囊皮配方的设计与优化,是软胶囊研制过程中的重要环节。本研究利用正交设计的实验方法,以柠檬黄为指示剂,考察了不同配方胶囊囊皮的溶出速率,筛选出最佳的囊皮配方。结果表明,当水∶甘油∶明胶为0.8∶1∶0.5、山梨醇用量为3%、富马酸用量为0.7%时,胶皮的溶解速率最大。该研究结果对南极磷虾油等油溶性软胶囊类产品的开发具有指导意义。     

Recovery of Chitin from Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) Shell Waste by Microbial Deproteinization and Demineralization

A two-stage fermentation process of deproteinization and demineralization was used to purify chitin from Antarctic krill shell waste. Two bacterial cultures were isolated and tested for the degradation of krill shell waste. According to the morphological examination, physiological tests, and applied molecular techniques conducted, isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum. At a temperature of 37°C, both strains were cultivated separately in flasks containing krill shell waste. At determined periods of time, deproteinization and demineralization of residuals were measured. For deproteinization tests, the liquid phase fermentation of krill shell waste showed protein removal of 88.9% after 60 h. For demineralization tests, the liquid phase fermentation of krill shell waste showed calcium carbonate removal of 84.6% after 72 h. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of chitin prepared by the process was carried out and compared with spectra of samples treated by strong acids and bases.     

磷虾类线粒体基因组的特征和基因排列比较

利用长PCR扩增获得太平洋磷虾的线粒体DNA,结合鸟枪法和引物步移法测定太平洋磷虾的线粒体基因组。结果表明,太平洋磷虾线粒体基因组全长为16898bp,在最大非编码区中存在一个串联重复区域(4.7×154bp)。在15个主编码基因中,变异位点数最多的是nad5基因(319～321个),其次为nad4基因(284～285个)和cox1基因(232～233个)。因此,nad5基因和nad4基因可以作为候选的分子标记,用于分析磷虾类不同的物种和群体之间的生物多样性。对比泛甲壳动物的原始排列,太平洋磷虾和南极磷虾线粒体基因组共享3个转运RNA基因(tRNALeu(CUN)、tRNALeu(UUR)和tRNATrp)的易位。与太平洋磷虾线粒体基因组相比,南极磷虾线粒体基因组存在1个转运RNA基因(tRNAAsn)的重复和1个转运RNA基因(tRNAIle)的易位。太平洋磷虾和南极磷虾之间的基因排列并不完全一致,说明在磷虾类内部线粒体基因组的基因排列顺序并不保守。     

南极磷虾富氟机理的研究进展

富氟异常是南极磷虾独特而有趣的生理性状,研究其富氟机理对于阐释极端环境下生物适应性进化机制,功能性仿生材料设计及磷虾的高值化利用具有重要意义。本文对南极磷虾富氟机理的国内外研究进展进行了评述,评述内容包括氟的来源、氟在磷虾中的分配特征和赋存形态、氟在磷虾体内的变化特征分析以及磷虾富集氟的模式推测等,并对南极磷虾富氟机理今后的研究方向和趋势进行了展望。