中华鲟幼鲟维生素C营养需要的研究

本研究旨在确定中华鲟幼鲟对维生素C(VC)的营养需要量。配制含VC分别为0.5、59.8、119.5、239.1、478.1和956.2 mg/kg饲料的6组日粮(分别编号为C0.5、C59.8、C119.5、C239.1、C478.1和C956.2),连续投喂中华鲟幼鲟8周后,以生长速度、组织VC含量和部分相关酶活性来确定中华鲟对VC的需求量。结果表明,C0.5和C59.8组鲟鱼的增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率都低于C119.5组,进一步提高饲料VC含量,也没有显著变化(P>0.05);C478.1组的肝脏和肌肉组织VC含量达最高水平;C239.1组血清溶菌酶活性最高;C239.1组SOD活性最低。根据平均增重率和饲料效率做折线法分析表明,维持中华鲟最佳生长的饲料VC含量为108.5 mg/kg;肝脏中VC含量达最大时饲料VC添加量为309.4 mg/kg;肌肉中VC含量达最大时饲料VC添加量为273.3 mg/kg。     

Ascorbic acid status as affected by dietary treatment in the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt): tissue concentration,mobilisation and L-gulonolactone oxidase activity

A study was conducted to evaluate tissue storage and mobilisation of L-ascorbic acid (AA) in the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) fed three different experimental diets. The three treatments consisted of a diet devoid of vitamin C (diet A0) and two diets supplemented with equivalent of 300 mg AA kg^–1 in the form of either silicone-coated ascorbic acid (diet SC) or of ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (diet AP). During the first phase (4 months) of the trial, six batches of 130 Siberian sturgeon (initial body weight: 25.5±0.5 g) each were fed one of the three diets in duplicate. During the second phase (3 months), fish from groups SC and AP were switched to diet A0 and those fed diet A0 during the first phase were switched to diet SC. Irrespective of the dietary treatment, growth rates were not significantly different from each other. At the end of phase I, in all tissues studied, total ascorbic acid (TAA) concentrations were higher in Siberian sturgeon fed diet AP than in the other two groups. During phase II, tissue ascorbate depletion was also higher in the AP group than in the other two groups. Transfer of the AA-free diet fed group onto a diet supplemented with 300 mg AA kg^–1 (diet SC) led to a slight increase in the TAA concentrations in all tissues. Blood plasma tyrosine concentrations were not significantly different between the three groups. Whole-body collagen levels were affected by dietary AA levels or forms at the end of phase I; the differences were not significant at the end of phase II. Muscle collagen levels were slightly affected. L-Gulonolactone oxidase activity was found in the kidney of Siberian sturgeon, but not in the liver. The ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate appears to be either better utilised by Siberian sturgeon, like in many other teleosts, or more stable than the silicone-coated AA during food processing and storage. Presence of L-gulonolactone oxidase activity in Siberian sturgeon kidney combined with the absence of gross scorbutic signs in AA-free diet fed groups expressing very good growth rates suggested no need of dietary AA byA. baeri.     

鲟鱼硫酸软骨素的制备工艺研究

以史氏鲟鱼软骨为原料,按碱提-酶解-乙醇沉淀工艺流程进行提取硫酸软骨素的各主要工序工艺的研究.通过单因素试验及正交试验,得出最佳碱提工艺为以两倍量6%的NaOH为溶剂,于40℃的水浴中搅拌提取4 h.通过正交试验,得出最佳酶解工艺条件是先将浸提液调节pH至8.6,加入胰酶0.5%,50℃保温水解3 h;后降温至40℃,调pH至5.7,加入胃蛋白酶0.3%,保温水解2h.通过单因素试验,得出最佳的乙醇沉淀工艺条件是将滤液pH调为6.5,加入95%的乙醇至醇沉浓度为70%,静置过夜.制备的硫酸软骨素经检测符合WS1-C3-0030-2000(硫酸软骨素口服片)和WS-10001-(HD-0892)-2002(硫酸软骨素注射品)标准的要求.     

Tuna viscera protein hydrolysate: nutritive and disease resistance properties for Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus L.) larvae

The effect of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on the growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes, gut microflora and resistance to bacterial challenge in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae during a 45‐day feeding trial has been investigated. Artificial diets containing different levels of tuna visceral protein hydrolysate (PH0, PH10, PH25 and PH50) and live foods (Artemia: 5 days, Daphnia: 40 days) were fed to Persian sturgeon larvae. Larvae fed on the PH10 and PH25 had growth, feed utilization, protein content and trypsin activity significantly better than PH0 and PH50 groups (P < 0.05). Condition factors, survival rate and pepsin activity were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Brush border membrane enzymes to cytosolic enzyme ratio revealed that maturation had been occurred in 41 days post hatch (dph) at moderate FPH levels. In 54 dph larvae, this ratio was not affected by the level of FPH in the diet. No significant differences were observed in the total number of gut microflora or in the resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila (P > 0.05), whereas lactic acid bacteria was significantly higher in PH50 (P < 0.05). The results of this study show that application of moderate levels of FPH in Persian sturgeon diets could enhance larvae performance due to the early maturation in intestinal.     

Routine metabolism of larval green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris Ayres)

Routine metabolic rates of green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) from hatching to 31 days post hatch (dph) were determined under normoxic conditions. During the endogenous feeding stage that comprised period from hatching to 15 dph, the oxygen consumption rate (MO₂, μg O₂ larva⁻¹ h⁻¹) increased 5-fold before yolk reserves became exhausted and MO₂ rates steady. The allometric relationships between MO₂ and body mass had mass exponents greater than 1.0 (b=1.64±0.21) and equal to 1.0 (b=1.04±0.07) during the endogenous and exogenous feeding phases, respectively. The magnitude and changes of MO₂ rates in green sturgeon larvae reflected their early ontogeny, especially during the endogenous feeding phase when the increase in metabolic rates was associated with organogenesis, acquisition of organ functions, and the conversion of yolk sac into new tissues. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

圆柱干扰对杂交鲟幼鱼游泳能力及代谢行为影响研究

为了研究流场扰动对鱼类游泳行为和代谢的影响,本研究测定了单、双圆柱(平行)扰动条件下杂交鲟(Acipenser schrenckii♀×A.baeri♂)幼鱼的临界游泳速度和耗氧率。结果显示:与对照组比较,单、双圆柱扰动条件下,杂交鲟幼鱼U_crit比对照组分别增加了1.71%和40.41%。游泳过程中,耗氧率和速度呈线性关系,单、双圆柱扰动条件下,速度系数b值显著小于对照组,上溯运动中能量利用效率较高。圆柱设置形成的流场环境有利于提高杂交鲟幼鱼游泳能力和游泳效率。湍动能为1.960×10^-4～46.92×10^-4 m^2/s^2时,杂交鲟幼鱼游泳效率较高,上溯所需的能耗减少。     

Diet composition of sturgeon fry (Acipenser persicus) reared in fertilized earthen ponds

Artificial rearing of fry has been introduced as an alternative to supply fry and juvenile sturgeon in order to restock the depleted sturgeon population in the Caspian Sea. The aim of this study is to assess the feed selection characteristics of sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) fry during the period in which they stay in earthen ponds before being released into the river. Sturgeon fry weighing around 150 mg were introduced into five almost similar‐sized earthen ponds. The ponds were enriched with fertilizer to supply natural food for the fries. A weekly sample of six specimens was collected from each pond during the 5 weeks of the experiment. All collected fish were weighed and then dissected for inspection of the stomach and the intestine content. The overall stomach content measured from 150 fish showed that around 74% of the stomach content was composed of chironomids and the rest was daphnia and cyclops. At the beginning of the study (first 2 weeks), sturgeon fry feed more on daphnia and cyclops; this trend, however, reversed in the last 2 weeks of the study. In conclusion, sturgeon fry feed on three prey groups—chironomids, daphnia and cyclops—during their lifespan in earthen pond. Feeding on chironomids larvae increased with sturgeon fry size.     

淡水养殖中华鲟成鱼的3种方式及效果比较

淡水养殖中华鲟成鱼主要有工厂化养殖、网箱养殖和池塘养殖等3种方式。工厂化养殖和网箱养殖中华鲟成鱼的生长速度要明显快于池塘养殖方式,其中网箱养殖的成鱼有最大的相对生长率和瞬时生长率。工厂化养殖中华鲟成鱼需要较大的资金投入和较高的生产运行成本,同等生产规模的投资成本和生产运行成本为网箱养殖的2~3倍,不宜大规模推广,可选择条件适宜的山溪、水库进行自流式流水养殖;网箱养殖投入产出比高,能源消耗少,节约水资源,养殖中华鲟的生长速度、成活率、资金投入的效益等均有较明显的优势,是一种值得提倡和推广的中华鲟成鱼养殖方式。池塘养殖中华鲟成鱼虽然投入和成本低,但养殖成活率低,效果差,不宜大量采用。试验结果表明,工厂化养殖和网箱养殖中华鲟成鱼的单位面积载鱼量均较低,规格1~3kg的个体,养殖时的有效载鱼量控制在10kg·m-2左右较适宜,不宜超过15kg·m-2。     

Effects of alternative dietary lipid sources on growth performance,health status and fillet fatty acid composition of hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii Brandt ♂)

An 8‐week trial was conducted to determine the effects of total replacement of 12.9% fish oil (FO) with soybean oil (SBO), peanut oil (PNO), sunflower seed oil (SFSO), corn oil (CO) and canola oil (CNO) on growth performance, health status and fillet fatty acid composition of hybrid sturgeon (194.28 ± 0.14 g). Compared to the FO group, dietary SBO decreased growth performance (p < .05), increased serum glucose and hepatic lipid content (p < .05). No obvious adverse effects on growth performance and health status were observed in PNO, SFSO and CO groups (p > 0.05). The fish fed with CNO had increased growth performance (p < .05), reduced serum ALT, AST, LDL‐C (p < .05) and enhanced serum GSH‐Px, T‐AOC, and LZM, MPO, C4 (p < .05). The contents of C18:1n9, C18:2n6, and ∑n‐3 PUFA and ∑n‐6 PUFA in fillets showed a positive linear correlation with the diets (p < .05). In summary, PNO, SFSO and CO are probable alternative lipid sources to fully replace FO. Hybrid sturgeon prefers to use CNO as a lipid source with improved growth performance and health status. The fillet fatty acid composition mirrors the dietary fatty acid composition.