基于“富丽性价值”理念的乡村发展导向及策略研究

阐述了＂富丽性价值＂的含义并回顾了台湾＂富丽农村＂的建设实践,突出其在改善农业生产环境及农业经营形态,提升农村经济水平和农民生活品质等方面的作用,在此基础上从农业功能、产业形态、经济形态等方面构筑了新乡村价值体系,界定了＂富丽乡村＂的概念。分析了＂富丽乡村＂的发展目标导向,既明确了总体目标,也从生产、生活、生态3个方面阐释了分项目标,最终就＂富丽乡村＂的发展策略提出了建议,即生产精细化、生活细致化、生态精明化：生产精细化强调维护农业功能的多样性,从农业增长动力、农业生产模式、农业经营主体、农业经营方式、农业产业功能方面促进农业升级转型,以休闲农业和乐活乡村旅游模式的发展来创新农业生产经营业态;生活精致化注重优化乡村社区组织,加强对乡村文化遗产的保护;生态精明化突出从乡村生态系统、乡村人居环境、农田生态环境3个方面构建＂富丽乡村＂。     

Urban woodland management – The case of 13 major Nordic cities

A postal questionnaire survey about the forest situation and management in urban woodland was carried out around the three largest urban agglomerations in each of the five Nordic countries, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Twenty estate managements responded, giving a respondent rate of 54%. Our material from 13 cities includes 108,888 ha productive forests, representing approximately 13% of all urban woodland areas in the Nordic region. The tree species composition in the urban woodland areas largely reflected the typical tree species distribution in the respective vegetation zones. It is expected that the percentage of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus spp. in the nemoral zone, and boreal hardwoods will increase in the future. The proportion of young and middle-aged forests is high in all urban woodlands, despite the focus on old forests in urban woodland management policy and research since the 1970s. Current silvicultural systems belonging to even-aged forestry prevail in most cities. However, the use of clear-cutting has decreased over the last 30 years. A conservative felling policy makes it likely that the proportion of old stands will increase. Various restrictions on forest management are briefly discussed. Reasons for changes in silvicultural practices differ from city to city, but recreation and conservation are most commonly reported.     

Human-scale structural heterogeneity induced by grazing in a Mediterranean woodland landscape

A set of structural criteria to differentiate among types of a heterogeneous woodland landscape that are shaped by goat and cattle grazing was studied in northern Israel. The landscape was described with relation to the “human scale” of the observer, by mapping the dimensions, basic shapes, and distribution of gaps between individual plants on sites with various grazing management systems. The shapes of the trees and the bushes were drawn in situ and the ratio between plant height and the width of the adjacent open space was measured in order to define the various structural profiles of the vegetation. All the structural criteria clearly and significantly differentiated among grazing systems that created closed (no grazing), half-open (cattle and modern goat grazing) and open (traditional goat grazing) landscapes. The diversity of plant shapes was highest under the cattle and modern goat grazing management systems. In the ungrazed treatment, more than 60% of the gaps were defined as ‘inaccessible’ compared with only 10–15% under cattle grazing and modern goat grazing. The diversity of gap proportions was high, but their absolute number was low. Under traditional heavy goat grazing, there were only wide and open gaps. Under cattle grazing and modern goat-grazing management systems, a relatively large number of wide and open gaps were found, with small numbers of narrow and closed gaps. Overall, the various grazing systems were differentiated most clearly according to their transparency, accessibility, height of Quercus calliprinos, and gap distribution. We conclude that structural criteria provide an efficient and objective methodology for evaluating the effects of grazing on different components of Mediterranean woodland mosaic landscapes. Nomenclature follows Feinbrun-Dothan and Danin (1991)     

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) for low-input lawns in the Mediterranean environment

In recent years, environmental concerns have created a desire for the sustainable care of grass swards, with a specific goal of reducing resources needed for turfgrass maintenance by utilising low-input species best adapted to specific local environmental conditions. A two-year field experiment was conducted to compare the aesthetic or ornamental quality, and function potential, of different swards. The treatments consisted of four monostands of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra Gaudin), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = Schedonorus arundinaceus Schreb. Dumort.), three two-species mixtures of white clover + yarrow, white clover + strong creeping red fescue, and yarrow + strong creeping red fescue, and one three-species mixture of white clover + yarrow + strong creeping red fescue. Within each plot, a botanical survey was performed each spring to estimate species relative abundance by determining the proportions of different species present. All plots were evaluated every two weeks during the growing period for visual quality and normalised difference vegetative index. Vegetation canopy height in each plot was measured before each biweekly mowing event, and clippings were collected to measure vegetative dry matter. Relative abundance of yarrow, strong creeping red fescue, and tall fescue was stable throughout the entire study period. The mixtures including yarrow displayed sufficient or higher quality ratings (≥6) in all seasons with the exception of winter, however, yarrow + strong creeping red fescue compensated each other's defects by maintaining their relative abundance (≥ 80%) over time as well suppressing or prevent significant weed invasion (relative abundance <15%). Moreover, yarrow or strong creeping red fescue monostands, or yarrow + strong creeping red fescue could be maintained with lower number of mowing events, due to their lower vertical growth. In conclusion, alternative plant species to turf-type grasses produced a visual quality equal to or better than tall fescue maintained under low fertilisation and mowing frequency. All swards that included yarrow produced better visual quality, exhibited better weed control, had lower vertical growth rate, and provided an aesthetically pleasant, persistent, and sustainable vegetative ground cover than other swards, and can be utilised as a low-input species.     

The effect of street trees and amenity grass on urban surface water runoff in Manchester,UK

It is well known that the process of urbanization alters the hydrological performance of an area, reducing the ability of urban areas to cope with heavy rainfall events. Previous investigations into the role that trees can play in reducing surface runoff have suggested they have low impact at a city wide scale, though these studies have often only considered the interception value of trees.This study assessed the impact of trees upon urban surface water runoff by measuring the runoff from 9 m² plots covered by grass, asphalt, and asphalt with a tree planted in the centre. It was found that, while grass almost totally eliminated surface runoff, trees and their associated tree pits, reduced runoff from asphalt by as much as 62%. The reduction was more than interception alone could have produced, and relative to the canopy area was much more than estimated by many previous studies. This was probably because of infiltration into the tree pit, which would considerably increase the value of urban trees in reducing surface water runoff.     

牡丹江市江南新区道路绿化设计(英文)

该设计依据牡丹江江南新区道路特点,选择了具有代表性的四条道路,在尽量不改变原有道路外貌特征基础的前提下,结合各道路周围的建筑特点以及当地植物资源,进行富有特色的绿化设计,以便达到美化环境、美化市容、体现城市风貌等景观功能和起到除尘、杀菌、降温、增湿、减弱噪音、防风固沙、提高绿化覆盖率等生态效益的目的。