圈养扬子鳄繁殖能力的探查

为了探查扬子鳄人工种群的繁殖能力,对1996~2005年安徽省扬子鳄繁殖研究中心的亲本鳄和子一代鳄繁殖情况进行观察和研究。经过对其繁殖参数的统计分析,得出亲本鳄与子一代鳄在卵的短径和重量、窝卵数、卵受精率和孵化率、出壳一周内雏鳄的死亡率以及雏鳄生长量方面无显著性差异,即子一代鳄的繁殖能力与亲本鳄的相同。该结果表明目前圈养扬子鳄的繁殖能力尚未降低。     

Genetic variation in captive population of chinese alligator, Alligator sinensis, revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) is an endemic species in China. The likely extinction of it in the wild has been recognised. To prevent this species becoming extinct, the Anhui Research Centre of Chinese Alligator Reproduction (ARCCAR) was established in Xuanzhou, Anhui Province in 1979, where has been established the largest captive population of Chinese alligator (XZSP) in the world. Another farm (CXSP) was established by villagers in Changxin, Zhejiang Province. The results of an investigation of the two captive subpopulation structures by genetic analysis are presented in this paper. We examined the genetic variation in the two captive subpopulations using RAPDs. Thirty-one random primers were selected among 199 random primers screened. A total of 193 reproducible RAPD fragments were scored among 43 individuals, of which 21 (10.88%) were polymorphic. The genetic distances between 43 individuals ranged from 0 to 0.0376 with average of 0.0104±0.0055 S.E. The genetic similarity in CXSP (0.9948±0.0029 S.E.) was higher than that in XZSP (0.9894±0.0055 S.E.). The founder effect is a possible explanation for very low genetic variation in CXSP. Analysis of the RAPD data showed that the mean phenotypic band frequencies of each polymorphic loci was 0.6656±0.3730 S.E. The lowest phenotypic band frequency (0.0233) was found in four of those polymorphic loci. There was no genetic difference between the two subpopulations (D_ij=0.0009). According to the dendrogram and the distribution of polymorphic fragments in two subpopulations, CXSP originated genetically from XZSP. This paper summarises a preliminary research on genetic structure in populations of Chinese alligator. Although there is higher genetic similary (0.9896±0.0055 S.E.) in captive population of A. sinensis, we did not determine whether or not loss of genetic variation had occurred in relation to a wild control population. The data of malformed offspring will be collected carefully, and wild samples be added to set up a control population in future study.     

扬子鳄胚胎背部皮肤及鳞甲的发生

本文观察了１６例不同时间的扬子鳄（Ａｌｌｉｇａｔｏｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）胚胎背部皮肤及鳞甲的形态及组织发生过程。孵化第２０天，来自胚胎中胚层生皮节的间充质细胞开始向原始表皮下迁移，表皮仅具周皮层与生发层两层细胞。第２８天背部鳞片开始明显，左右鳞片之间出现很浅的鳞间沟，前后鳞片交界处的原始表皮、真皮层开始向外突出形成鳞甲原基。第３４天鳞甲原基突出伸长，第４０天背鳞的纵崤明显。第３４～５０天中，鳞甲后缘基部的表皮层向鳞甲前缘基部的真皮层不断内陷，鳞甲显著伸长并向体后方水平伸出。背部表皮在孵化第３４天出现三层细胞，第４０天周皮细胞中开始出现色素沉集。第５０天表皮具四层细胞，周皮层细胞中出现大量色素沉集。第６０天表皮分层与成体时相似，周皮层已退化。孵化第３４天真皮层细胞形态出现多样化，第４０天真皮可分上、下两层。第５０天真皮上层中形成交织的胶原纤维网，下层中形成平行走向的胶原纤维。本文简要讨论了扬子鳄鳞甲的形态发生特点。     

中国淡水爬行动物主要养殖种类生物学研究进展

从主要形态特征与分布、栖息习性、对盐度和温度的适应、摄食方式与食物组成、生长与繁殖生物学等几个方面,综述了中国淡水主要养殖爬行动物中华鳖Pelodiscus sinemis、乌龟Chinemys reevesii、三线闭壳龟Cuora trifasciata、黄喉拟水龟Mauremys nutica、鳄龟Chelydra serpentine和扬子鳄Alligator sinesis的生物学研究成果。     

Ontogenetic niche shifts in the American Alligator establish functional connectivity between aquatic systems

Individual animals undergoing ontogenetic shifts in habitat use may establish a mobile link between discrete ecosystems via movement of energy, nutrients and matter, as well as through impacts on ecosystem and habitat structure. The American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is a model species for studying ecological implications of ontogenetic niche shifts, because they grow in size by several orders of magnitude, and they play a critical role as both top predators and ecosystem engineers. We used equal trapping effort, radio telemetry and nest surveys to document ontogenetic habitat shifts of alligators between hydrologically isolated, seasonal wetlands and riverine systems. To estimate the degree of functional connectivity between systems, we quantified alligator biomass and nutrient excretion in both systems. Seasonal wetlands provided nesting and nursery sites for adult females and juveniles, which constituted 0.78 g/m² biomass and excreted 0.05 g/m²/yr N, P, Ca, Mg, Na and K in that system. In contrast, the riverine system provided non-nesting habitat for adults and sub-adults of both sexes, totaling 0.18 g/m² biomass and excreting 0.01 g/m²/yr of nutrients. Furthermore, sub-adults and adult females were documented moving across the terrestrial matrix, while adult males spent the duration of the study in the creek. Our results demonstrated that ontogenetic niche shifts in alligators establish connectivity between seasonal wetlands and riverine systems and with the surrounding terrestrial matrix. These findings have implications for the definition of jurisdictional wetlands under the US Supreme Court’s 2001 SWANCC decision and highlight the importance of ecological, as well as hydrological, connectivity.     

草鱼敏感的负趋音筛选研究

声学屏障是一种阻拦鱼类进入危险区域进而保护鱼类资源的重要手段,为筛选鱼类敏感的负趋音作为声学屏障,本文采用六种单频音（500-3 000 Hz）和一种宽频音（短吻鳄吼叫声）作为实验用音对草鱼幼鱼进行负趋音的筛选研究,通过在水槽两端交替播音来对比草鱼幼鱼对不同声音的行为反应。结果表明,大多数实验鱼对声音有反应,短吻鳄吼叫声与其他声音组的差异显著。单频音实验组中播放500 Hz单频音时平均反应次数最大,为1.7±0.6次,而播放短吻鳄吼叫声时平均反应次数高达5±0.9次,显著高于其他实验音;在总平均速度中,宽频音组中草鱼的总平均速度显著高于其他组,表明草鱼对短吻鳄吼叫声敏感,产生逃窜行为。本研究表明,草鱼对短吻鳄吼叫声具有负趋音性,短吻鳄吼叫声可能是一种对草鱼具有驱赶、威慑作用的声音,本研究可为过鱼设施中辅助诱驱鱼手段及水利结构中避免鱼类的夹带提供参考依据。     

Estimation of economic threshold level of alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.) to Tackle Grain quality and yield Losses in Rice

Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) is the most troublesome invasive weed in transplanted rice ecosystems worldwide. A two-year field study was conducted to estimate economic threshold levels and the season long competitive effect of six alligator weed densities (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 plants m^?2) on yield and quality traits of transplanted rice. A gradual linear incline in dry weight of alligator weed was observed with an increase in its density from 2 to 32 plants m^?2. Maximum N (15.93–18.26 kg ha^?1), P (15.10–16.46 kg ha^?1) and K (16.34–17.81 kg ha^?1) uptake by alligator weed was recorded at its density of 32 plants m^?2. More micronutrient loss to the tune of 6.53, 47.92, 19.99, and 38.42 mg kg^?1 for Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn, respectively was observed at the same density. Increasing density of alligator weed caused more losses in paddy yield (up to 21.37–23.78%), amylose and rice grain protein contents. According to a nonlinear hyperbolic regression model, maximum paddy yield loss of rice at asymptotic value of alligator weed density was 38.8% during 2011 and 42.4% during 2012. Economic threshold value of alligator weed was estimated 1.5 and 1.3 plants per m² during 2011 and 2012, respectively.     

重金属胁迫条件下空心莲子草的生长和营养特征分析

空心莲子草是一种常见的水生植物,并能在重金属污染的水体或附近土壤中生长。本研究发现,空心莲子草能富集6种常见的重金属元素,其富集能力为：Zn2＋〉Mn2＋〉Pb2＋〉Cu2＋〉Cd2＋〉Cr3＋。高浓度（1mmol/L）Cu2＋、Mn2＋、Zn2＋和Cr3＋等重金属胁迫处理条件下,空心莲子草的根冠比增加,生物干重、总根长和总根表面积都相应降低。此外,高浓度（1mmol/L）Pb2＋、Cd2＋、Cu2＋或Zn2＋分别胁迫处理条件下,空心莲子草的K＋、Ca＋和Mg＋等元素的含量变化差异显著（P〈0.05）。以上研究表明,空心莲子草通过改变体内钾钙镁等重要生长元素营养情况来适应重金属污染的胁迫,有很强的富集重金属元素的能力,进而降低污染、净化水体。空心莲子草对重金属污染的生长响应及体内重要矿物元素营养特性之间的相互关系,可能为重金属污染的水土生物修复提供理论依据。     

扬子鳄发情期昼间行为时间分配及活动节律

2004年5~6月,在安徽扬子鳄国家级保护区红星保护点,对发情期的扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)进行了昼间行为时间分配和活动节律的研究。扬子鳄的行为谱包括游动、晒阳、停息、吼叫和交配等。就所观察到的几种主要行为统计发现,从7:00到19:00,扬子鳄昼间游动行为占有最大的百分率,达到(34.30±26.27)%;其次是停息行为,为(30.44±18.50)%;再次为晒阳和吼叫行为,分别为(21.04±32.95)%和(14.16±18.97)%。游动行为各时段占有的百分率比较接近,为26.47%~44.83%,但在游动过程中,它们并不是始终保持一种姿势游泳。停息行为存在2个高峰期,分别为9:00~11:00和17:00~19:00时间段;晒阳行为出现在6月3日以后,仅有1个高峰期(11:00~13:00)。吼叫行为的高峰期出现在7:00~9:00时间段;结合夜晚记录发现,21:00~23:00时间段也是一个吼叫高峰。扬子鳄的吼叫次数与水温差存在一定的关系,吼叫次数最多的水温差为3.5℃,在1.5~3.5℃吼叫最频繁。笔者认为,该时期扬子鳄的活动行为主要受繁殖因素的影响。图3参36     

甜菜白带野螟对空心莲子草的生物防治潜力研究

首次报道了甜菜白带野螟在南京地区严重取食恶性杂草空心莲子草,并表现出较强的食性选择性。在50种供试植物中,甜菜白带野螟在饥饿状态下只取食空心莲子草、反枝苋、皱果苋、苋菜、牛膝、白三叶草、鳢肠、藜、小藜,对玉米、小麦、水稻、棉花等作物安全。描述了甜菜白带野螟幼虫的外部形态、寄主范围、成幼虫习性以及生活史。该虫在南京地区1年发生2~3代,在野外幼虫主要取食苋科空心莲子草和反枝苋等杂草。通过食性观察,初步评价了甜菜白带野螟对恶性杂草空心莲子草的生防潜力。