Natural hybridization between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its wild relatives Aegilops geniculata Roth and Aegilops triuncialis L.

BACKGROUND

Cultivated bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spontaneously hybridizes with wild/weedy related Aegilops populations, but little is known about the actual rates at which this hybridization occurs under field conditions. It is very important to provide reliable empirical data on this phenomenon in order to assess the potential crop–wild introgression, especially in the context of conducting risk assessments for the commercialization of genetically modified (GM) wheat, as gene flow from wheat to Aegilops species could transfer into the wild species genes coding for traits such as resistance to herbicides, insects, diseases or environmental stresses.

RESULTS

The spontaneous hybridization rates between wheat and A. geniculata and A. triuncialis, which are very abundant in the Mediterranean area, have been estimated for the first time in the northern part of the Meseta Central, the great central plateau which includes the largest area of wheat cultivation in Spain. Hybridization rates averaged 0.12% and 0.008% for A. geniculata and A. triuncialis, respectively. Hybrids were found in 26% of A. geniculata and 5% of A. triuncialis populations, at rates that can be ≤3.6% for A. geniculata and 0.24% for A. triuncialis.

CONCLUSION

The detection of Aegilops spp.–wheat hybrids in Aegilops populations indicates that gene flow can occur, although wheat is considered a crop with a low-to-medium risk for transgene escape. These data on field hybridization rates are essential for GM wheat risk assessment purposes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Transpiration response of two bread wheat lines differing in drought resilience and their backcross parent under dry-down conditions

Improving wheat productivity in drylands largely depends on how plants manage limited water resources. Using fraction of transpirable soil water threshold (FTSW_Th) and drought stress response function, we characterized the water conservation traits of two wheat multiple synthetic derivative lines (MSD53 and MSD345) which both contain introgressed segments from Aegilops tauschii but differ in drought resilience. The lines and their backcross parent, ‘Norin 61’, were subjected to dry-down conditions. MSD53 had a higher FTSW_Th for transpiration decrease than ‘Norin 61’ and MSD345. In terms of drought stress response function, MSD53 had the lowest threshold suction, suggesting a lower drought resilience capacity compared with MSD345. However, MSD53 exhibited an effective-water-use trait whereas MSD345 exhibited a water-saving trait under dry-down conditions. These results are consistent with the reported higher yield of MSD53 in comparison with MSD345 under drought stress in Sudan, and demonstrate that high FTSW_Th supports effective water use for improved agricultural productivity in drylands. The differences in water conservation traits between the two MSD lines may be attributed to variation in introgressed segments, which can be further explored for drought resilience breeding.     

节节麦防除药剂及其增效助剂筛选

为筛选能有效防除节节麦Aegilops tauschii的除草剂及助剂,通过室内盆栽法评价11种除草剂对节节麦的防除效果,分析比较15种不同助剂对其中2种除草剂甲基二磺隆和异丙隆的增效作用,并明确其最适配比。结果显示,在供试11种除草剂中,甲基二磺隆和异丙隆对节节麦具有较的好防除效果,当其施药量分别为13、1 000 g（a.i.）/hm²时,对节节麦的鲜重抑制率分别达68.40%和76.46%,其余9种除草剂的防除效果较差,鲜重抑制率在4.62%~35.95%之间;筛选到对甲基二磺隆有显著增效作用的2种助剂——乙基和甲基酯植物油、有机硅408,其最适用量分别为甲基二磺隆喷液量的0.5%和0.2%（体积比）,增效分别为15.21%和26.52%;筛选到对异丙隆有显著增效作用的3种助剂——异十三醇聚氧乙烯醚、聚醚改性七甲基三硅氧烷、乙基和甲基酯植物油,其最适用量分别为异丙隆喷液量的0.1%、0.05%、0.25%（体积比）,增效分别为26.24%、21.80%和25.99%。表明甲基二磺隆、异丙隆可用于防除节节麦,添加助剂可进一步提高其对节节麦的防除效果。     

高大山羊草 Pm13染色体片段对小麦农艺和产量性状的影响

含有高大山羊草 Pm13染色体片段的小麦种质R1B对白粉病菌表现高抗。为明确 Pm13对白粉病的抗性遗传特点及高大山羊草染色体片段对小麦农艺和产量性状的影响,利用R1B与高感小麦品种济麦22杂交获得的F_(2∶5)RIL群体进行自然诱发鉴定和分子标记分析。结果表明,发病后,RIL群体的抗、感病株系符合1∶1分离比(χ~2=3.261,χ■=3.841),说明白粉病抗性是由一对基因控制。经分子标记分析,RIL群体白粉病抗性由 Pm13控制,且符合孟德尔单基因遗传规律。RIL群体中抗白粉病组和感白粉病组间,抽穗期、开花期、株高、穗长、每穗可育小穗数、每穗不育小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、粒长、粒宽、粒周长、长宽比等12个性状均无显著差异(P0.05),说明高大山羊草染色体片段对这些性状没有明显不利影响。鉴于 Pm13抗性遗传稳定,应加大其利用力度,培育更多含有该基因的抗白粉病品种,发挥其在生产上的应用价值。     

偏型、粘型和易型小麦雄性不育系的初步研究

调查了10种不同山羊草(Aegilops)细胞质的异质小麦品种 Chris 与1B /1R 小黑麦易位系77(2)杂交 F_1及回交后代的育性表现,结果表明:1.在同核背景下,山羊草不同种的细胞质在对77(2)的育性反应上明显不同,依此差异进行特定的质核组配,能得到更宜于培育杂种小麦的新型不育系;2.不同的不育胞质在同核背景下虽都能产生雄性不育,但     

小麦粘类CMS育性恢复基因的SSR分子标记与定位

利用SSR技术,对小麦粘类CMS（细胞质雄性不育）的1对近等基因系（NILs）和回交群体（BC₁'）进行分析,筛选与粘类CMS育性恢复基因相连锁的分子标记并进行恢复基因定位,以进一步探讨小麦粘类CMS育性恢复的遗传机理。结果表明：在18对位于1BS上的SSR引物中,有6对引物在近等基因系间扩增出了稳定的多态性差异;经分离群体验证表明,恢复基因与4对SSR引物的扩增位点Xwmc406、Xbarc8、Xwmc611和Xgwm273有连锁关系,遗传距离分别为2.7、2.8、21.4和26.2cM,这些标记可稳定应用于小麦粘类CMS育性恢复基因的辅助选择;研究还表明,小麦粘类雄性不育系的育性恢复主要受1BS上的1对主效恢复基因及一些微效基因共同控制;本研究标记出的恢复基因应为Rfv1;上述4个标记与该主效恢复基因Rfv1之间的位置顺序依次为Xwmc406、Rfv1、Xbarc8、Xwmc611、Xgwm273。     

小佛肚竹竹丛结构对新竹秆形变异的影响

竹丛结构状况直接影响着竹子的生长环境。通过丛初植立竹数、立竹空间分布和丛立竹数等对小佛肚竹Bambusa ventricosa秆形变异的影响进行研究。结果表明：新竹畸形秆率随丛初植立竹数和栽植后年份的增加而降低,丛初植立竹数以2～3株为宜;出笋后的丛立竹数与竹丛外围、内围新竹数分别呈正相关和负相关,与新竹畸形率呈负相关;竹丛畸形秆新竹数随丛立竹数（出笋前）增加呈先升后降的趋势,丛立竹数与新竹畸形率呈负相关,人工栽培的丛立竹数应控制于4～6株。图1表2参10     

小伞山羊草染色体的FISH核型分析

采用荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization,FISH)技术分析小伞山羊草染色体的核型特点。结果表明,小伞山羊草共包含7对染色体,其中1 U和5 U染色体各含有1对随体。分别以Oligo-pSc 119.2-1(绿色)与(GAA)7(红色)重复序列为探针对小伞山羊草根尖细胞染色体进行FISH分析,发现Oligo-pSc-119.2-1信号主要分布在染色体的端部及近端部,不同染色体之间的信号强度有所差别。(GAA)7信号主要集中于染色体着丝点附近,不但比Oligo-pSc-119.2-1信号的亮度高,分布丰富,而且在染色体上的分布可与Oligo-pSc-119.2-1信号互补。因此,同时采用Oligo-pSc-119.2-1与(GAA)72种探针能准确地辨别小伞山羊草的每对染色体,建立了小伞山羊草的FISH核型。     

三种观赏竹抗旱生理指标的研究及其综合评价

可控条件下研究了三种观赏竹铺地竹、平安竹、小佛肚竹在干旱胁迫下的生理指标变化,即叶片叶绿素、SOD、M DA、质膜透性的含量的变化。根据这些生理生化指标进行了抗旱性综合评价,结果为:平安竹>小佛肚竹>铺地竹。这一结果与三种观赏竹的实际表现是一致的。     

节节麦pbf基因的克隆、序列分析及原核表达

醇溶蛋白盒结合因子(prolamin-box binding factor,PBF)通过调控籽粒蛋白的表达效率进而影响面粉的加工品质。为给深入研究小麦籽粒PBF对籽粒蛋白质表达调控的分子基础提供参考依据,进而为小麦面粉加工品质的改良提供候选基因资源,利用特异引物组合pbfF1/pbf R1分别从两份节节麦(AS90、AS2386)中克隆出pbf基因后进行序列分析,并进一步构建pbf基因的原核表达体系。结果表明,从两份节节麦中克隆得到了2个不同类型的pbf基因(GenBank登录号分别为KJ544771和KJ544772),其中来源于AS2386的KJ544772与来源于普通六倍体小麦的1个pbf基因序列完全相同。推导的氨基酸序列分析表明,KJ544771和KJ544772所编码的蛋白质均为弱碱性的亲水蛋白,具有典型的DOF蛋白结构域。与其他远缘物种来源的PBF比对结果表明,该类蛋白在NLS核心、DOF结构域及Ser铰链区相对保守,而在C-端调控区变异较大,说明PBF蛋白具有种属特异性。同时,系统演化树显示,来源于节节麦AS2386的pbf基因与迄今已知的全部普通小麦的pbf基因具有高度的相似性,因此推测该种类型的节节麦很可能参与了最初的普通六倍体小麦的形成。此外,本研究成功构建了pbf基因的原核表达体系,可为后续功能验证的开展奠定基础。