微生态复合菌制剂在对虾养殖中的应用研究

以芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌为主体菌,并辅以放线菌组成的微生态复合菌制剂用于对虾养殖中,探讨了它们对养殖水体理化因子、生物因子和对虾生长的影响。模拟试验结果表明,投加微生态复合菌制剂后,试验池6dCODCr去除率高达84.7%;迅速矿化有机氮,有效加强硝化-反硝化作用,控制NH4-N在一定水平,NO2-N去除率高达81.5%;pH稳定在8.0～8.3之间,DO保持在5mg·L-1的较高水平。虾池长期监测结果表明,试验池水质各项指标均优于对照池;无任何大规模虾病发生;未出现“耍食”现象。试验池比对照池增产近1倍,成本降低近80%。     

放线菌A19菌株抑菌活性成分的研究

从土壤中筛选到一株对多种植物病原菌有强烈抑菌作用的放线菌菌株,编号为A19。采用活性追踪法从A19菌株发酵液中分离得到H-1、H-2和H-3 3个化合物。经结构鉴定,化合物H-1为环(脯氨酸-亮氨酸),化合物H-2为环(4-羟基-脯氨酸-亮氨酸),化合物H-3的结构式尚待解析。抑菌活性测定结果表明:化合物H-3表现强烈的抑菌活性,在剂量为5μg时对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、白菜软腐病菌(Erwinia carotovora)的抑菌圈直径分别为13.5 mm1、1.0 mm、12.5 mm和14.0 mm,对小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、番茄叶霉病菌(Fulvia fulva)、马铃薯干腐病菌(Fusarium solani)、玉米大斑病菌(Exserlhilum turcicum)和玉米弯孢叶斑病菌(Curvularia lunata)孢子的抑制中浓度EC50分别为123μg/mL、154μg/mL、130μg/mL、87μg/mL和173μg/mL。化合物H-2对供试病原菌也表现一定的抑菌活性,而化合物H-1对供试病原菌无明显的抑菌活性。     

放线菌769防治水稻稻瘟病的发酵条件研究

对放线菌769防治水稻稻瘟病的最适培养基成分和发酵条件进行研究。结果表明,F培养基最适合该菌株的发酵培养,在此基础上对碳、氮源和无机盐进行了优化,通过正交试验确定了菌株769的最优发酵培养基配方为:黄豆豆粉2.0%、玉米粉1.50%、蔗糖1.0%、牛肉膏0.60%、碳酸钙0.30%、硫酸铵0.50%、氯化钠0.30%、硫酸镁0.10%、磷酸二氢钾0.02%、硫酸亚铁0.01%。通过对最佳发酵培养基初始pH值、接种量、摇瓶装液量、摇床转速等发酵条件进行正交试验设计,确定摇瓶最佳发酵条件组合为:种子液菌龄28 h,接种量4%,发酵时间72 h,培养基初始pH 6.72,培养基装量70 mL/250 mL三角瓶,发酵温度28℃,摇床转速180 r/min。     

土壤中拮抗放线菌的分离和筛选

采用稀释分离法从辽宁省不同地区采集的土样中分离到放线菌336株。以番茄灰霉病菌为指示菌,采用平板对峙培养法筛选出抑菌效果较好的放线菌L6,O5,S2,T7,A10 5个菌株,其抑菌带宽度在10.3~13.3 mm,占分离到放线菌总数的1.49%。进一步测定5个菌株发酵产物对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制活性,S2菌株的抑菌作用最强,抑菌圈直径达23.9 mm。S2菌株对水稻恶苗病菌、小麦根腐病菌、烟草赤星病菌、黄瓜黑星病菌、棉花炭疽病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、玉米小斑病菌亦有较强的抑制作用,抑制率达55.7%~87.7%。     

贵州矿区放线菌多样性及对汞的抗性

为探明贵州喀斯特重金属污染区域土壤放线菌多样性特征以及为其污染修复应用奠定基础,从贵州铜仁地区的25份土壤样品中,采用梯度稀释涂布法,利用3种处理方式、7种培养基分离放线菌;通过形态特征、16SrDNA基因序列分析结合生理生化特征鉴定放线菌;同时筛选重金属汞抗性菌株。结果从土样中共分离出56株典型放线菌菌株,经初步鉴定,分属于链霉菌属、孢囊链霉菌属、高温单孢菌属、线杆菌属、间孢囊菌属、诺卡氏菌属、小单孢菌属;其中链霉菌属放线菌占68%。筛选出了1株对汞有较高抗性(75mg·L~(-1))的放线菌菌株,优良耐受菌株的最大抗性约85 mg·L~(-1),菌株经鉴定为枝链霉菌Streptomyces rameus。共分离出56株,分属于7个属的放线菌菌株;筛选出1株重金属汞高抗菌株,经鉴定为枝链霉菌。     

Micromonospora: An important microbe for biomedicine and potentially for biocontrol and biofuels

Micromonospora species have long been recognized as important sources of antibiotics and also for their unusual spores. However, their involvement in plant-microbe associations is poorly understood although several studies demonstrate that Micromonospora species function in biocontrol, plant growth promotion, root ecology, and in the breakdown of plant cell wall material. Our knowledge of this generally understudied group of actinomycetes has been greatly advanced by the increasing number of reports of their associations with plants, by the deployment of DNA cloning and molecular systematics techniques, and by the recent application of whole genome sequencing. Efforts to annotate the genomes of several Micromonospora species are underway. This information will greatly augment our knowledge of these versatile microorganisms.     

土壤放线菌分离方法研究

研究了土壤放线菌的分离方法,结果表明:培养基中加入150mg/L重铬酸钾,既有利于放线菌的生长,又能抑制真菌和细菌的生长;土样在28℃或室温风干10～20d后,制成10%土壤悬浮液,40～50℃、pH7条件下,加6%酵母膏(或6%蛋白胨)和0.05%SD(S5mmol/L磷酸缓冲液),振荡10～20min,灭菌水稀释成1%后,与含250mg/L重铬酸钾的高氏1号琼脂培养基制成平板,最有利于放线菌的分离。     

弗兰克氏菌转化研究初报

完成了弗兰克氏菌菌株C101,Cc01,CcR03,At4,Hr16和CG01的原生质体分离及Cc01原生质体的再生。将菌丝转化技术用于弗兰克氏菌的转化研究,结果发现,pLAFRI上的四环素抗性基因能在Cc01中表达。此外,Cc01具有卡那霉素抗性。     

放线菌选择性分离方法综述

综述了近年来选择性分离放线菌的几种方法,包括样品来源的多样化,物理机械与化学分散剂结合法,稀有碳源的选择,CaC l2富集培养等。     

Actinomycetes in organic mulch used in avocado plantations and their ability to suppress Phytophthora cinnamomi

Actinomycetes isolated from the organic mulch used in avocado plantations in Western Australia were studied to examine their ability to suppress Phytophthora cinnamomi. All the 1600 isolates tested inhibited the pathogen in vitro with inhibition rates of >0.5. The inhibition rates achieved by actinomycetes isolated from fresh and pathogen-infested mulch were not significantly different, but the isolates tested differed in their ability to suppress the pathogen and/or the disease. Some of the isolates that inhibited the pathogen were also harmful to plant growth.