Contribution to the taxonomy and pathogenicity of fungicolous Verticillium species. II. Pathogenicity

In recent years in the Netherlands a second mushroom species,Agaricus bitorquis, which prefers higher temperatures thanA. bisporus and is less susceptible to certain diseases, is often commercially grown.Verticillium fungicola var.fungicola, the causal agent of dry bubble, is responsible for considerable damage in crops ofA. bisporus. InA. bitorquis, however, dry bubble has hardly been noticed, but brown spots due toV. fungicola var.aleophilum resulted in inferior mushroom quality. The latter variety also caused brown spots ina. bisporus, but to a minor degree. In variety Les Miz 60 ofA. bisporus, however, it also induced fruit-body deformation in a way different from dry bubble. Verticillium psalliotae, isolated fromA. bitorquis in England, induced more confluent brown spots inA. bitorquis. In the netherlands, where moreA. bitorquis is grown than in other countries,V. psalliotae has not yet been encountered in crops ofA. bitorquis. V. psalliotae, which has a high temperature optimum for mycelial growth, likeV. fungicola var.aleophilum andA. bitorquis, did not infectA. bisporus in our trials.Artificial infection ofA. bisporus orA. bitorquis could not be accomplished with the following related and/or fungicolous fungi:Verticillium lamellicola, V. fungicola var.flavidum, V. biguttatum, Nectriopsis tubariicola, Acremonium crotocinigenum andAphanocladium album.Samenvatting Vooral in Nederland wordt sinds een aantal jaren naastAgaricus bisporus ook de warmteminnende champignonsoortAgaricus bitorquis geteeld, die minder vatbaar is voor bepaalde ziekten. TerwijlVerticillium fungicola varfungicola in de teelt vanA. bisporus droge mollen en daardoor veel schade veroorzaakt, komen in de teelt vanA. bitorquis geen droge mollen voor maar wel bruine vlekken, die tot kwaliteitsverlies en dus schade leiden. De vlekken bleken veroorzaakt te worden doorV. fungicola var.aleophilum. Deze schimmel veroorzaakte ook inA. bisporus bruine vlekken, hoewel in minder ernstige mate, maar in het ras Les Miz 60 vanA. bisporus bovendien misvormde champignons, die wel op droge mollen leken, maar daaraan niet gelijk waren.OokV. psalliotae, in Engeland geïsoleerd vanA. bitorquis met vlekken, veroorzaakte wat meer samenvloeiende, bruine vlekken inA. bitorquis. In Nederland, waar meerA. bitorquis geteeld wordt dan in andere landen, isV. psalliotae nog niet aangetroffen in teelten vanA. bitorquis. InA. bisporus kon geen kunstmatige infectie worden verkregen metV. psalliotae, die net alsV. fungicola var.aleophilum enA. bitorquis warmteminnend genoemd zou kunnen worden.Met de volgendeVerticillium-achtige of van paddestoelen geïsoleerde schimmels kon evenmin op kunstmatige wijze een infectie worden opgeroepen inA. bisporus ofA. bitorquis: Verticillium lamellicola, V. fungicola var.flavidum, V. biguttatum, Nectriopsis tubariicola, Acremonium crotocinigenum enAphanocladium album.     

拮抗真菌—桃色顶孢霉生物学特性研究

为了更好的将拮抗真菌——桃色顶孢霉应用于实践,对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:以察氏为基本培养基,该菌的最佳碳源为蔗糖,最佳氮源为胰蛋白胨,最适pH8.5,最适温度为30℃,添加无机离子Zn2+对菌丝生长有利。     

顶孢霉菌(Acremonium hansfordii)液体培养最适条件及杀蚜毒力的研究

对自然感病的桃蚜幼虫上获得的顶孢霉菌株(Acremonium hansfordii)的最适培养条件及对甘蓝蚜的致病力进行了研究.结果表明,顶孢霉菌生长和产孢的最佳碳源为木糖,菌丝生物量和产孢量分别为1.806 mg/mL和7.061×106个孢子/mL;最佳氮源为尿素,其菌丝体含量和产孢量分别为0.242 mg/mL和54.07×106个孢子/mL;最适于顶孢霉菌菌丝生长和产孢的C/N为10∶1.液体培养至6-7 d时,菌丝生物量和产孢量均达到高峰,因此液体发酵终止时间应选择在接种后6-7 d.在接种后的第6 d,顶孢霉菌对甘蓝蚜的LC50为1.650×106个孢子/mL.     

玉米黑束病研究病害症状与病原生理特性的研究

 玉米黑束病菌(Acremonium strictum W.Gams(Cephalosporium acremonium Cda))产生的症状类型,主要是髓部出现黑束型和褐节型;叶部出现淡紫红枯死型和个别品种产生黄白色枯死型.病原菌只侵染玉米.菌丝在 PDA 培养基上生长适温28～30℃,孢子萌发为20～33℃,致死温度50℃.该菌对 pH 值适应范围广,但以 PH 值6最佳.紫外线与黑暗和光照与黑暗各12h 交替处理有利于菌丝生长.在 PDA、蔡氏、马丁、玉米粉培养基上生长良好,在玉米粉、PDA 上产孢量最大.玉米茎髓提取液有利于菌丝生长.该菌能利用多种碳源,尤以蔗糖,D(+)葡萄糖最好,在可溶性淀粉培养液中产孢量最多.无机氮对菌丝生长较有机氮为好,其中磷酸氢二铵和碳酸氢铵最隹.     

内生真菌对布顿大麦草生长的影响

植物生长室条件下，通过比较含（Ｅ＋）与不含（Ｅ－）内生真菌的布顿大麦草的生物量，分蘖数等指标，研究确定了内生真菌对寄主生长的影响。结果表明，与Ｅ－植株相比，Ｅ＋植株的总生物量增加３６．４％，地上部分牧草干物质产量增加３３．３％，根干重增加３０％，每株植株的分蘖数增加１３６．８％。     

Suppression of Meloidogyne incognita by the endophytic fungus Acremonium implicatum from tomato root galls

Specific endophytes with biocontrol potential might occur in diseased plant tissues. We isolated an endophytic fungus from tomato root galls infected with Meloidogyne incognita and identified it as Acremonium implicatum based on morphology and internal transcribed spacer sequences. Its biocontrol potential was tested in vitro and in pot and field experiments. In the in vitro test, 96.0% of second-stage juveniles of M. incognita were killed by a culture filtrate of A. implicatum after 48 h. The fungus also suppressed egg hatching, with only 36.3% of treated eggs hatching compared with 87.3% of control eggs. Pot experiments showed that A. implicatum inhibited the formation of root galls, with 40.6 galls per treated plant compared with 121.6 on control plants. A. implicatum reduced the nematode population in soil, with 151.1 nematodes per 100 g treated soil and 375.1 in control soil. Field experiments demonstrated that the root gall index of treated plants (25) was markedly lower than that of control plants (96). In conclusion, A. implicatum has excellent potential for the biocontrol of M. incognita.     

顶孢霉Ahy1菌株孢子乳悬剂的配方筛选

采用室内生物测定的方法,从7种食用油,5种乳化剂,5种紫外保护剂和3种抗生素中筛选适合于顶孢霉Ahy1分生孢子粉乳悬剂的助剂配方。结果表明,姜油与顶孢霉Ahy1分生孢子粉混合贮130 d,分生孢子的萌发率最高,对孢子的生物活性无明显影响。在乳化剂、紫外保护剂和抗生素的筛选中, 综合与Ahy1分生孢子粉的湿润力和生物相容性,选择吐温〖CD*2〗80与OP〖CD*2〗10的混剂为Ahy1孢子悬浮剂的乳化剂,十二烷基硫酸钠为湿润剂,腐植酸为紫外保护剂,硫酸链霉素为抗生素。以上助剂与顶孢霉孢子粉均有良好的生物相容性。     

地生枝顶孢液体培养物不同溶剂提取物清除DPPH自由基活性的研究

用二苯代苦味肼自由基(DPPH)-TLC法和酶标仪法对地生枝顶孢发酵菌丝体和发酵液不同溶剂提取物清除自由基活性进行了分析,发现茵丝体和发酵液的各种溶剂提取物均具有清除自由基的活性,但不同溶剂提取物对DPPH自由基的清除活性有差别,其中以75%乙醇提取物效果最佳,茵丝体和发酵液75%乙醇提取物在浓度为5.0 mg·mL-1,于37℃保温10 min时,对0.2 mg·mL-1的DPPH自由基的清除率分别达到63.75%和91.23%.     

地顶孢霉培养物对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、抗氧化能力、免疫功能和肠道形态的影响

本试验旨在研究地顶孢霉培养物（ATC）对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、抗氧化能力、免疫功能和肠道形态的影响。选取健康且体重相近的70周龄伊莎褐蛋鸡960只，随机分为5个组，每组6个重复，每个重复32只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮，试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加0.05%、0.10%、0.15%和0.20%ATC的饲粮。预试期1周，正试期9周。结果表明：1）与对照组相比，饲粮添加0.10%、0.15%和0.20%的ATC显著提高了平均日产蛋重（P<0.05），饲粮添加0.15%和0.20%的ATC显著降低了料蛋比（P<0.05）。2）与对照组相比，饲粮添加不同水平的ATC均显著提高了平均蛋重（P<0.05），饲粮添加0.05%的ATC显著提高了蛋白高度和哈氏单位（P<0.05）。3）与对照组相比，饲粮添加0.05%、0.10%和0.20%的ATC显著降低了血清尿素氮（UN）含量（P<0.05）。4）与对照组相比，饲粮添加0.15%的ATC显著提高了血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性（P<0.05），饲粮添加0.05%、0.10%和0.20%的ATC显著降低了血...     

地顶孢霉培养物对保育仔猪生产性能及免疫水平的影响

试验选择28日龄杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪32头,随机分为2组,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.25%地顶孢霉培养物,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验期30 d。结果表明,试验组仔猪日增重比对照组提高10.4%,差异显著（P<0.05）,饲料转化率提高2.6%,腹泻率降低57.7%;试验组平均猪瘟抗体效价极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,PRRS免疫抗体阳性率也明显高于对照组。因此,地顶孢霉培养物具有促进仔猪生长和提高免疫力的功能。