三峡库区紫色土坡耕地草本地埂植物根系分布及抗拉力学特征

[目的]探究三峡库区紫色土坡耕地3种草本地埂植物根系分布及抗拉特征,为揭示地埂植物根系固结地埂提供理论依据和数据支持。[方法]以三峡库区自然恢复的蓑草、人工种植的韭菜和蚕豆这3种草本地埂植物根系为研究对象,对比分析其根系在不同地埂土壤深度的分布规律及根系抗拉特性。[结果](1)在0—40cm深度土壤中3种草本地埂植物根系直径变化表现出:蚕豆根系韭菜根系蓑草根系。3种草本地埂植物根系直径与地埂土壤的土层深度间服从指数函数关系。(2)在0—40cm地埂土层深度范围内,韭菜根系生物量与蓑草根系和蚕豆根系生物量之间存在显著性差异(p0.05),韭菜和蚕豆地埂植物根系生物量随土层深度的增加而逐渐减小,蓑草地埂植物根系生物量随土层深度的增加先增加后减小。(3)3种草本地埂植物根系的单根平均抗拉力次序为蚕豆根系(10.53N)蓑草根系(6.03N)韭菜根系(4.51N),3种地埂植物根系单根抗拉力与根径呈幂函数关系(p0.05)。3种地埂植物根系的抗拉强度表现为蓑草根系(45.91 MPa)蚕豆根系(18.02MPa)韭菜根系(12.20 MPa)。(4)3种草本地埂植物根系黏聚力变化顺序为:蓑草根系(0.013 1kPa)蚕豆根系(0.009 4kPa)韭菜根系(0.005 5kPa)且3种地埂植物根系黏聚力与土层深度呈指数函数关系(p0.01)。[结论]自然恢复的蓑草地埂在三峡库区较其他两种人工种植的地埂植物有更好的固结地埂效果,从而有效控制坡面土壤侵蚀和水土流失。草本植物固结地埂可为三峡库区坡耕地治理提供新思路。     

大规模生态退耕对陕北丘陵沟壑区农村社会经济的影响——以县南沟和燕沟小流域为例

 为探讨大规模退耕对当地农村社会经济的影响,以快速农村评估法为理论基础,对县南沟和燕沟2条小流域1999年开展退耕还林还草工程以来,流域社会经济变化情况进行分析。结果表明,退耕虽造成当地粮食减产和粮食收入减少,但也促进了农业产业结构的调整和家庭收入的多元化。针对退耕负面效应,提出了解决思路。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复植被特征及其与土壤环境的关系

 为给黄土高原退耕地的植被恢复和重建提供科学依据,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的安塞县为例,用系统聚类和逐步多元回归的分析方法,对退耕地自然恢复植被的演替阶段进行划分,并定量分析群落演替过程中的植被特征及其与土壤环境的关系。结果表明:黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复草地的演替,依次经历猪毛蒿群落→赖草群落→长芒草群落、铁杆蒿群落、达乌里胡枝子群落→白羊草群落。随着退耕地植被恢复的不断进行,Gleason指数、Margalef指数等丰富度指数以及群落Pielou指数,都呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,Simpson指数在演替初期及平衡阶段较大,群落生态优势度与物种丰富度的变化趋势相反。在群落的演替过程中,土壤有机质、全N、有效N和速效K的含量不断增加,土壤pH值和速效P含量不断减小,土壤表层密度变小,孔隙度变大。A层土壤全N、有效N含量、土壤pH值和C层土壤全N含量与物种丰富度呈显著正相关,A、C层土壤有机质含量和B层土壤速效K含量与其关系相反;B层土壤速效P的含量与群落生态优势度呈显著正相关;A、B层土壤速效K含量与植被群落盖度呈正相关关系,B层土壤速效P含量与其关系相反。     

Agroforestry techniques for the rehabilitation of degraded salt-affected lands in India

The development of appropriate technologies for the judicious use of India's 8.11 million ha of salt-affected lands would give increased food, fodder and fuelwood production. A sizeable portion of the salt-affected lands of the Indo-Gangetic plain have been reclaimed through chemical amendments and are being commercially used for arable farming. However, large areas of salt-affected common lands, village and government lands and waste lands near cities, along railway tracks and roads do not have any productive use. Owing to their sparse vegetative cover such lands are vulnerable to further degradation and can be a source of runoff causing floods, especially where cows congregate. Research at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal has generated agroforestry techniques which could enable the economic exploitation of such marginal lands. This paper deals with various aspects of these techniques, which have been applied to over 50 000 ha by 1994. Based on eight to ten years of growth and biomass figures, the most salt-tolerant woody species identified were: Prosopis juliflora, Acacia nilotica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Tamarix articulata, Leptochloa fusca (a palatable forage grass which was found to be a promising primary colonizer of salt lands). Agronomic practices for the successful establishment of trees such as planting methods, amendment use, irrigation, spacing and lopping schedules are discussed. A Prosopis juliflora-leptochloa fusca silvipastoral model was found to be excellent for fuelwood and forage production and for the amelioration of high pH soils. This system, when followed for little more than four years, reclaims alkali soils to such an extent that normal agriculture crops such as Trifolium alexandrinum and T. resupinatum can be grown successfully. A ridge-trench system of tree planting was found to be helpful in alkali soils, the in situ rainwater conservation it led to assisting biomass production. Eucalyptus tereticornis, Populus deltoides and Tectona grandis based agroforestry were promising for reclaimed salt-affected lands. The short- and long-term effects of various tree plantations on the physicochemical properties of the soil and on soil-water relations are also discussed. Agroforestry options for the development of salt-affected lands found in various agroclimatic zones of India are explored.     

不同绿地类型对城市小气候的影响

通过HOBO便携式气象站测定了城市林荫道、草坪、广场3种绿地类型的气温、相对湿度和辐射强度。分析了不同绿地类型上的温度、湿度及太阳辐射变化情况,比较了不同绿地类型对城市小气候的影响。结果表明,随着辐射强度的增强,林荫道有较好的降温保湿效果,并且林荫道与广场的最高温差可达2.76℃,相对湿度的最高差值可达12.5%。在晴朗无风的条件下,随着辐射强度的变化林荫道上温度和相对湿度变化比较缓慢,所以随着辐射强度的增强,林荫道上的气温低于草坪,相对湿度则高于草坪,当辐射强度逐渐减弱时,林荫道上的气温逐渐高于草坪,相对湿度则低于草坪。     

武汉城市绿地早春开花蔷薇科植物种类与应用调查

通过文献阅读与实地调查,对武汉地区城市绿地中常用的早春开花的蔷薇科植物种类和应用现状进行了分析和总结,旨在为武汉地区蔷薇科植物的引种和优良品种推广应用提供指导。     

干旱半干旱地区边际地种植能源作物的资源环境问题探讨

为减少对进口石油的依赖及应对燃烧化石能源造成的空气污染和温室气体排放问题,世界各国争相发展生物质能源产业。针对利用能源植物带来的粮价上涨和粮食安全问题,适应人多耕地少的国情,我国制定了"不与民争粮,不与粮争地"生物质能源的发展原则。许多学者提出利用边际性土地种植能源作物。多数边际性土地过于零散,不利于能源作物大规模种植和收获、运输,人们把注意力集中到草原及荒草地。干旱和半干旱地区天然降水不能满足植物旺盛生长的水分需求。大规模集约化种植一年生能源作物,主要依靠灌溉,消耗大量的水资源,同"与民争粮,与粮争地"一样威胁粮食安全,同时还可能会造成生物多样性丧失、植被破坏、土地沙化、土壤次生盐渍化等环境和生态问题,影响草原畜牧业发展,使牧民生活无靠,与现有的《草原法》等法律、法规相悖,且无异于"问题搬家"。本研究通过分析能源作物,特别是在干旱和半干旱区规模化、集约化种植,对资源、生态环境的影响,依据国家相关法律法规,提出了干旱和半干旱地区边际土地能源作物规模化种植准入政策建议,以期为生物质能源产业的健康可持续发展提供依据。     

Energy expenditure in Awassi sheep grazing wheat stubble in the northern Negev Desert of Israel

In semi-arid Mediterranean areas, small grain aftermath stubble represents an important summer source of food for grazing flocks of small ruminants. Wheat stubble is a mediocre source of forage and flocks are grazed in summer under harsh conditions of temperature and air dustiness. However, stubble grazing procedures are changing, water and shading are more frequently available between grazing sessions (“improved management”), and the biological soundness of this ancestral practice needs to be re-visited. The present study was aimed at evaluating the cost in energy of “improved” wheat stubble grazing, compared with feeding a similar diet indoors. The intake of stubble was first quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated in Awassi sheep. Ewes consumed daily 980 ± 100 g day^− 1 of wheat stubble. Ewes were then housed and fed diets consisting of wheat hay, straw and grain formulated to be iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous to diets consumed from wheat stubble. The average intake of ME was similar during the confinement and the pasture periods (6.4 ± 0.5 and 7.6 ± 0.8 MJ day^− 1of ME, respectively). During 2 days of each period, animals were fitted with external electrodes and data loggers of heart rate and skin temperature. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated from oxygen consumption estimated as the product of heart beats rate measured for the two days by the amount of oxygen delivered to body tissues at each heart beat (O₂ pulse). The O₂ pulse was determined by simultaneously measurement of oxygen consumption and HR twice daily on two occasions, while grazing stubble and indoors. Energy expenditure and energy balance were not different in sheep while grazing wheat stubble (11.1 and − 3.5 MJ day^− 1) or fed indoors (11.1 and − 4.8 MJ day^− 1). Our data show that stubble did not cover nitrogen and energy requirements for maintenance, and that the cost of summer stubble grazing carried out under conditions described here is less than thought before.     

闽江下游山地巨桉无性系施肥试验研究

对巨桉无性系施用不同肥料组合的试验研究结果表明:以火烧垃圾土做基肥再配施适量的尿素做追肥,组成了有机—无机复混肥体系,其施用效果明显优于纯化肥类肥料组合,不但能明显提高林分生产力、维持地力,而且经济效益较好,充分显示出有机无机混合肥的施用优势;采用火烧垃圾土2 kg.株-1(基肥)+尿素200 g.株-1(追肥)的施肥方案,2年生时林分平均树高、胸径、材积和蓄积分别可达9.41 m、9.51 cm、0.0335 m3和53.72 m3.hm-2,投入产出比高达1∶2.9,经济纯收入是纯化肥类肥料组合的2.0~2.8倍,符合桉树短工林集约经营和持续发展方向,值得推广应用。     

添加水对半干旱区沙质草地土壤氮有效性季节变化的影响(英文)

Water is usally thought of a limiting factor for the restoration of semi-arid ecosystem. In the growing season of 2006, a study was conducted to determine the effects of modeling precipitation on seasonal patterns in concentrations of soil-available nitrogen and to describe the seasonal patterns in soil nitrogen availability and seasonal variation in the rates of net nitrogen mineralization of topsoil at Daqinggou ecological station in Keerqin sand lands, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Manipulation of water (80 mm) was designed to be added to experiment plots of sandy grasslands in dry season. Water addition (W) treatment and control (CK) treatment were separately taken in six replications and randomly assigned in 12 plots (4 m×4 m for each) with 2-m buffers betweens. Results showed that the content of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rate were not affected by adding water in sandy grassland of Keerqin sand lands. Net nitrogen mineralization rates ranged from 0.5 μg·g-1·month-1 to 4 μg·g-1·month-1. The highest values of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization occurred on October 15 in control plots. The seasonal changes of soil inorganic nitrogen contents exhibited "V" shape pattern that was related to seasonal patterns of soil ammonium-N (ascending trend) and nitrate-N transformation (descending trend).