疫霉菌对霜脲氰抗性遗传及对霜脲氰和甲霜灵的交互抗性

就疫霉菌对霜脲氰抗性的产生和遗传，以及疫霉菌对霜脲氰和甲霜灵的交互抗性进行了研究。结果表明，苎麻疫霉容易对霜脲氰产生抗药性突变，但抗性在连续３代单游动孢子分离过程中逐渐丧失。大雄疫霉对霜脲氰不易产生抗性突变，恶疫霉、大雄疫霉和苎麻疫霉对甲霜灵和霜脲氰不存在交互抗性     

马铃薯晚疫病病菌对四种杀菌剂的交互抗性

通过测定甲霜灵敏感菌株和抗性菌株对甲霜灵、恶霜灵、霜脲氰、薯瘟锡的抗药水平和抗药类型以确定致病疫霉对此 4种内吸性杀菌剂的交互抗性关系。结果表明 ,致病疫霉对甲霜灵、恶霜灵、薯瘟锡三者间具有正交互抗性 ,此 3种药剂与霜脲氰间无交互抗性关系     

霜脲氰和代森锰锌对马铃薯晚疫病菌的离体活性及混合增效作用

测定霜脲氰、代森锰锌对马铃薯晚疫病菌不同生长发育阶段的毒力,发现霜脲氰抑制马铃薯晚疫病菌菌丝生长的活性明显高于代森锰锌,抑制孢子囊和游动孢子萌发及孢子囊释放游动孢子的活性明显低于代森锰锌;两药抑制游动孢子游动的活性很低。以1∶7、1∶8混配对游动孢子萌发及菌丝生长的抑制表现增效,以1∶1~1∶10混配对抑制孢子囊萌发的增效系数为1.55~5.39,其中1∶5的增效系数高达5.39。     

Sensitivities of Phytophthora infestans to Metalaxyl, Cymoxanil, and Dimethomorph

The isolates of Phytophthora infestans on tomato in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, were determined for the sensitivities to metalaxyl, cymoxanil and dimethomorph to give the basic information for integrating disease management. Sensitivities were tested by measuring the radial growth on agar medium amended with fungicide, compared with the floating-leaf-disk method. 239 isolates were collected from eight tomato growing areas during 2000-2006. The testing results indicated that the frequencies of sensitive, intermediate, and resistant isolates to metalaxyl were 42.26, 35.98, and 23.53%, respectively. Variations in sensitivities amongst isolates from different areas or different years were very high for metalaxyl. All isolates from Tianlin and Wuxuan were sensitive to metalaxyl, but the metalaxyl-resistant isolates predominated in Tianyang, with the frequency of 51.35%. The EC50 values of certain isolates from Tianyang were higher than 500 μg·mL^-1 and their resistance levels were over 100 000 folds. Cymoxanil has been used for nearly 10 years in Guangxi, and dimethomorph has been used for 5-6 years. However, there was no decrease in sensitivity of P. infestans populations and the sensitivities of the pathogen were nearly normally distributed. Hence, their mean ECs0 value [cymoxanil （0.1647 ±0.0255） μg·mL^-1, dimethomorph （0.0970 ± 0.0052） μg·mL^-1 could be used as the baseline sensitivities for monitoring the field resistance development. The comparison with the floating-leaf-disk method indicates that both the techniques provided equivalent results. These studies suggested that metalaxyl can be continuously applied in Tianlin, Wuxuan, and Nanning due to the resistant isolates that have not been found, while for those areas with resistant isolate, the use of metalaxyl should be reduced or alternated, and cymoxanil or dimethomorph was recommended for controlling late blight disease of tomato.     

几种杀菌剂防治马铃薯晚疫病药效试验

马铃薯晚疫病( phytophthora infestans) 是一种导致马铃薯茎叶死亡和块茎腐烂的毁灭性病害. 鄂西南山区常年发病较重,秭归县2008年马铃薯种植面积8 400hm2,晚疫病发生面积2 800hm2.由于农民对病害认识不足,一般用传统杀菌剂防治或不防治,导致晚疫病为害损失较重.     

复配剂中霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中残留动态研究

采用田间试验方法,研究了霜脲氰在马铃薯及土壤中的残留动态,应用液相色谱法测定了霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中的残留量。结果表明,霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中消解较快,半衰期分别为2．26d和5．75d,施药3240g ai·hm^-23次时,末次施药距收获间隔28d,霜脲氰的残留量在马铃薯中低于0．0098mg·kg^-1,在土壤中为ND-0．0100mg·kg^-1。该药属易分解农药（％〈30d）,按推荐使用剂量使用是安全的。     

72%代森锰锌·霜脲氰WP对黄瓜霜霉病的防治效果

黄瓜霜霉病是黄瓜最普遍和最严重的病害之一,在黄瓜整个生育期都可发生,主要危害叶片.浏阳市各地都有发生,流行年份受害地块减产20%～30%,严重时达50%以上.2006年用72%代森锰锌·霜脲氰WP进行了黄瓜霜霉病田间药效试验,结果表明667 m2用100g、133.3 g、166.7 g,分别施药3次,防治效果分别为43.59%、51.00%、57.15%.增产率分别为4.49%、9 90%、15.03%.     

葡萄和土壤中霜脲氰的残留分析方法

为了评价霜脲氰的环境安全性,指导含霜脲氰类农药的科学合理使用,建立了霜脲氰在葡萄及其土壤中的残留分析方法.葡萄和土壤样品分别用丙酮和乙酸乙酯提取,经弗罗里硅土柱净化,高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定,霜脲氰的最小检测量为3.0×10-10 g,在葡萄和土壤中的最低检出限为1.5×10-3和3.0×10-3 mg/kg.当添加水平为0.05～1.0 mg/kg时,霜脲氰在土壤中的平均回收率为83.32%～104.22%,变异系数为5.34%～6.11%;在葡萄样品中的平均回收率为80.85%～98.84%,变异系数为3.30%～7.69%.     

霜脲氰杀菌剂百家企业登记产品动态

霜脲氰杀菌剂，美国杜邦公司1994年在我国登记商品72％锰锌·霜脲可湿性粉剂（商品名称克露），防治黄瓜霜霉病用量（有效成分，下同）1440-1800克／公顷，防治番茄晚疫病用量1400-1944克／公顷，防治荔枝树霜疫霉病使用浓度1030-1440毫克／千克。2004年登记霜脲氰原药。[第一段]     

马铃薯晚疫病菌对瑞毒霉与霜脲氰的交互抗性

2008~2011年在黑龙江省共分离了41个马铃薯晚疫病菌,并测定了这些菌株对瑞毒霉和霜脲氰的敏感性和交互抗性。瑞毒霉测定结果显示6个(14.63%)菌株显示为敏感性,11个(26.83%)菌株显示为中抗,24个(58.54%)菌株显示为抗性。这说明黑龙江省分离的晚疫病菌已对瑞毒霉产生抗性。对于霜脲氰,EC50值为0.0630~2.1289μg/mL,最不敏感菌株是最敏感菌株的33.79倍,敏感性基线值为0.1879μg/mL。交互抗性分析结果显示,未产生交互抗性的菌株为73.16%,产生交互抗性菌株为26.84%。以上结果说明霜脲氰和瑞毒霉不能交叉使用。