Distribution of gymnemic acid in various organs of Gymnema sylvestre

The gymnemic acid contents in various organs of Gymnema sylvestre were investigated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The results shows that the content of gymnemic acid in various organs, obviously different, was 54.29, 31.66, 28.82, 27.67, 25.39, 20.56 and 1.31 mg·g⁻¹ DW in shoot tips, flowers, nodes, leaves, internodes, roots and seeds, respectively. The highest gymnemic acid content (54.29 mg·g⁻¹ DW) was found in shoot tip, 1.96 fold higher than that in leaves (27.67 mg·g⁻¹ DW). Maximum quantity of gymnemic acid (35.39 mg·g⁻¹ DW) was observed in the young leaves, which was 1.52 times higher than that in old leaves (23.07 mg·g⁻¹ DW). The content of gymnemic acid in young, middle and old internodes was 26.47, 25.77 and 23.94 mg·g⁻¹ DW, respectively, all lower than that in leaves (27.67 mg·g⁻¹ DW), whereas the content of gymnemic acid in young, middle and old nodes was 27.96, 28.81 and 29.66 mg·g⁻¹ DW, respectively, all higher than that in leaves. The study provides the scientific evidences for the rational development and utilization of Gymnema sylvestre resources, since over exploitation of natural stands has caused depletion of these plants in nature. Foundation project: This work was supported by University Grants Commission, New Delhi (No. 33-88/2007 (SR))     

Magnetic field increase weight and water content in date palm （Phoenix dactylifera L.）

Magnetic field effects on different plant species have been subject of many studies in the last decade. Magnetic fields are known to induce changes in plant metabolism, growth and productivity. In this study, effect of magnetic field on date palm weight and water content has been investigated. Seedlings of date palm were treated with two types of magnetic fields in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, seedlings were treated with static magnetic field SMF using electromagnetic circuit set to produce three levels of magnetic field intensities 10, 50 and 100 mT for different durations （0, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min）. In the second experiment seedlings were treated with alternating magnetic field AMF, using magnetic resonance imaging providing 1500 mT for 0, 1, 5, 10 and 15 min. After two months of exposure, plants growth parameters （fresh, dry weights and water content for both leaves and roots） were recorded. The measurements revealed that leaf fresh, dry weight and water content increased significantly in response to SMF treatment. Similarly, roots fresh weight and water content were increased significantly; however roots dry weight increasing were insignificant. In the second experiment, AMF has affected plant growth all parameters were increased significantly. Measurements reached the highest level at 15 min of exposure. This study revealed that magnetic fields affect date palm growth parameters by increasing osmotic pressure and water potential which increase water absorption and enhance flesh weight.     

限根对大棚栽培油桃幼树叶片叶绿素含量、叶片干重变化的影响

以一、二年生沪油018幼树为试材,分析了设施栽培条件下三种限根处理对幼树叶片中叶绿素含量、叶片干重变化的影响.结果表明(1)在设施栽培中,限根幼树秋季枝条停长后不同叶位叶片叶绿素含量,三种限根处理均表现为"升-降-升"的变化特点;相同叶位表现为处理TR2各个叶位单位面积叶绿素含量均低于CK和TR1,CK仅在第1、8叶位较TR1高,而其它叶位均低于TR1.(2)测定沪油018幼树盛花后19d～262d期间叶绿素的动态变化过程,发现不同的限根处理下Chla、总叶绿素含量与Chl(a/b)的变化均表现"降-升-降"的变化规律.不同的限根方式对Chlb的季节变化进程的影响差异显著.(3)在叶片生长发育过程中,不同限根方式比叶重的季节变化趋势差异极其显著,但总趋势基本呈上升状态.(4)叶片干重含水量%的季节变化的总趋势呈下降趋势,不同限根处理之间的变化动态差异显著.     

草菇增产五措施

添加增温剂 堆料时加入培养料干重1％的增温剂，使发菌加快。 改单面出菇为双面出菇 在床架上先铺20目的塑料筛网，然后铺料接种，使床底和料面同时出菇。缩短了生产周期，能增产20％以上。     

河蚌滤水率对环境氨氮浓度的响应(英文)

在水温和水体悬浮颗粒物浓度保持相对恒定的条件下,在静水系统中,利用半现场实验法,研究了不同体重(以软组织干重计算)的河蚌在4个外界水体氨氮水平下的滤水特征,其中,氨氮浓度依靠河蚌自身排泄和逐步添加氯化铵获得。结果表明,在固定的氨氮水平下,单位体重滤水率Fr随体重w增加而下降;在试验的体重和氨氮浓度(n)范围内,体重和氨氮浓度对河蚌耗氧均具有主效应,且产生交互效应,单位体重滤水率的自然对数y′=lnFr=0.90±1.29-1.91±0.74lnw-0.51±0.45lnn+0.57±0.40lnnlnw-0.07±0.07wlnn,表明在试验范围内,滤水率随氨氮浓度和体重的增加而降低,而体重和氨氮浓度的交互效应对河蚌滤水率产生增益效应。     

对发展农民合作经济组织的思考与建议

党的十七届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定》,将成为当前和今后一个时期推进中国农村改革发展的指导性文件。这个决议将把发展农民合作社经济组织作为农村未来发展的方向,充分体现了党对发展农民合作经济组织的重视,对建设社会主义新农村具有重大意义。但是由于种种原因,当前中国的农民合作经济发展组织的还不充分,     

菠菜硝态氮累积和还原与植株生长的关系

通过盆栽试验,以两个硝态氮含量差异显著的菠菜品种为供试材料,在不同生长时期,测定了叶柄、叶片干重、水分含量、硝态氮含量及叶片内源和外源硝酸还原酶活性,研究菠菜硝态氮累积和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化及其与植株生长变化的关系。结果表明,随生长期后移,叶柄、叶片及地上部干重和水分含量先增加而后降低,硝态氮含量则持续降低,低硝态氮累积品种S9的下降更为明显,出苗后52d和62d地上部分别降低了100%和89.7%;叶片内源和外源酶活性则随植株生长量增加而增加,高硝态氮累积品种S4增加（379%和199%）更明显,之后该品种酶活性随植株生长量降低而显著下降,品种S9却显著增加,分别为121%和288%。生长前期,品种S4硝态氮含量、干重增长速率及内源、外源酶活性均显著高于品种S9,内源/外源酶活性比值却明显低于后者;生长后期,除外源酶活性和内源/外源酶活性比值外,品种间差异均不明显。因此,生长前期高累积品种硝态氮含量降低较少,主要原因可能是其内源/外源酶活性比值（70.7%）较低,生长后期该品种的内源/外源酶活性比值（98.2%）显著增加后,硝态氮含量迅速下降进一步证明了这一推测。综合上述结果可知,内源/外源酶活性比值更能揭示植株生长变化引起的品种间硝态氮含量变化差异。     

保水材料对旱作谷子苗期生长特性及土壤水分的影响

在内蒙古清水河县进行大田试验,研究3种保水材料(聚丙烯酸钾、聚丙烯酞胺和腐殖酸)及不同施用年限对旱作谷子苗期生长特性及土壤水分的影响,筛选出适合该地区抗旱保苗的保水材料。结果表明,各保水材料处理均髓提高出苗率,2011年表现为A1>B1>C1>CK,较CK提高了7.57~12.88个百分点,2012年表现为A2>B2>C2>A1>B1>C1>CK,较CK提高了0.76~12.88个百分点,2013年表现为A3>B3>C3>A2>B2>C2>A1>B1>C1=CK,较CK提高了0.00~20.45个百分点;保水材料对谷子株高和鲜干重具有显著影响,且连续施入3年的效果优于施入2年和只施入1年的,但在株高方面,保水材料的年际效果差异不明显;保水材料可以提高0~100cm土层土壤含水量和贮水量,0~60cm各土层各处理差异明显。因此,3种保水材料均具有明显的蓄水保墒效果,提高谷子出苗率,促进谷子生长,以连续施用3年聚丙烯酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺效果最好。     

丹参根干重变化规律研究(英文)

[目的]研究不同移栽日期、密度处理下丹参根干重变化规律,为丹参大田高产栽培管理提供理论依据。[方法]以大田栽培丹参为研究对象,设移栽日期T1(冬栽,2009年11月26日移栽)、T2(春栽Ⅰ,2010年3月9日移栽)、T3(春栽Ⅱ,2010年3月27日移栽)和密度(株距×行距)D1(20cm×25cm)、D2(25cm×25cm)、D3(25cm×30cm)共9个处理,通过定期采集样品测定丹参根干重变化曲线,以归一化的生长度日用曲线拟合软件对其进行拟合。[结果]丹参根干重变化符合Logistic曲线,曲线分析表明丹参根生长分为前慢期、速生期和后慢期3个时期。[结论]丹参移栽后生长度日在1900~2200℃·d之间即9月份根干重进入快速生长期。     

聊城市发展现代农业的现状分析

十七届三中全会《关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定》要求：＂积极发展现代农业,提高农业综合生产能力＂。十七届五中全会又提出了＂三化同步＂的新要求。聊城作为农业大市,研究加快农业现代化步伐,对不断提高农业综合生产能力、市场竞争力和农民收入具有重要意义。