王正非林火蔓延模型改进研究

王正非林火蔓延模型是目前国内比较先进的森林火灾蔓延模型,但是由于林火行为的复杂性,此模型在准确率和普适性方面仍存在许多不足。本文结合已有的成果进一步改进王正非模型,增加了可燃物湿度对林火蔓延速度的影响,改进了林火初始速度的计算方式。针对各种坡度对林火蔓延行为的影响给出了一个计算公式。与改进前相比,改进后的模型使其对林火蔓延情况的预估更为精准。     

N_(98s)×特青(亚种间杂交稻)抽穗后物质生产及分配特点研究初报

对N×特青示范田中试区与肥料试验田各处理小区稻株分析结果表明:抽穗后,亚种间杂交稻N×特青比常规稻特青干物质生产能力强,灌浆速度快;地上部各器官占植株干重比例,前者叶片比重大于茎,后者茎比重大于叶。亚种间杂交稻对肥料反应敏感,抽穗后,干物质累积,植株高度,每穗总粒数和粒重均随施肥量增加而增加,在高肥区有利于进一步提高产量,但增施氮肥后,灌浆速度明显滞后。     

Wind-mediated spread of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in irrigated rice crops

A study was carried out to demonstrate that Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), a virus known to be transmitted by beetles, can spread between rice plants by direct leaf contact caused by wind. Almost all healthy plants surrounding an infected plant became infected when exposed to a fan blowing for 15 min at a distance of 50 cm. Spread of RYMV by plant contact, mediated by wind, was also demonstrated in field experiments, the extent of spread depending on plant density. Infection was almost 10 times higher in plots with a density of 33 plants m⁻² than in plots with 16 plants m⁻². Less spread was observed in plots protected by 1·5 m high windscreens. It is suggested that wind-mediated spread of RYMV may result from abrasive contact between leaves of plants.     

灌木林对地表风况及空气动力学参数影响的野外调查研究——以丰宁满族自治县小坝子乡为例

通过野外实地调查和定位观测,系统研究了灌木林盖度和高度对地表风况及空气动力学参数的影响。结果表明:风速轮廓线受灌木林覆盖度和高度的影响显著;风蚀率随灌木林覆盖度的减少呈指数增加,灌木林高度对土壤风蚀影响相对较小。空气动力学粗糙度及零风速平面位移高度均与灌木林覆盖度之间呈幂函数关系。灌木林高度对空气动力学粗糙度的影响不明显。     

Dispersal of woody plants in forest edges and hedgerows in a Southern Swedish agricultural area: the role of site and landscape structure

The distribution of woody vegetation was studied in forest edges and hedgerows in a 28 km² southern Swedish agricultural area, characterised by species-rich edge zones. The occurrence of 21 selected woody species (taxa) was related to differences in both edge structure and landscape structure. All the species studied were represented in both edge types, but a higher frequency of animal-dispersed species was found in hedgerows.Animal dispersed species were more affected by edge width and density than wind dispersed species. A higher number of wind-dispersed species were more frequent in forest edges, in hedgerows near to forest, or with a high proportion of forest within 500 m. A clear relationship was found between the number of physically connected elements in hedgerow networks and increasing frequency of occurrence for Corylus avellana, Crataegus spp., Euonymus europaeus, and Quercus robur; which indicate the ecological significance of connectedness for certain animal dispersed species. The study supports the general principle that woody species distribution and landscape structure are linked in a positive feedback loop. The results match findings from studies in other countries and are interpreted in the context of landscape processes and the ecological characteristics of woody plant species. We emphasise the importance of understanding dispersal mechanisms of woody species for the design and improvement of edge habitats in agricultural landscapes.     

Effects of wind turbines and other physical elements on field utilization by pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): A landscape perspective

The effects of wind turbines and other physical landscape elements on field utilization by wintering pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) were studied in a Danish farmland landscape. Within the study area geese were feeding on pastures, which together with cereals were the main crop types. Apart from wind turbines a variety of potentially disturbing landscape elements was present, e.g., high-power lines, windbreaks, roads and settlements. Patterns of field use were assessed by measuring goose dropping densities along transects perpendicular to wind farms (with turbines in clusters and in lines) and other landscape elements. Local effects were expressed in terms of `avoidance distance', i.e., the distance from a given landscape element to the point at which 50% of maximal dropping density was reached. The spatial distribution of landscape elements within an eight km radius from the goose roost was determined from aerial photographs. The area occupied by various elements, together with the adjacent zones which were not available to geese due to their associated avoidance distances, were quantified using Geographic Information System (GIS).The avoidance distance of wind farms with turbines in lines and in clusters were ca 100 m and ca 200 m, respectively. Geese did not enter the area between turbines within the cluster. At the landscape level, the combined effect of physical elements other than wind turbines caused an effective loss of 68% of the total field area (40 km²). Wind turbines caused an additional loss of 4% of the field area. However, of the remaining area available to geese (13 km²), wind turbines caused a loss of 13% of the total area. The habitat loss per turbine was higher for the wind farm with turbines arranged in a large cluster than for wind farms with turbines in small clusters or lines. This difference was mainly due to the fact that wind farms in small clusters or with a linear layout were generally placed close to roads or other elements with existing associated avoidance zones, whereas the large cluster was placed in the open farmland area. The avoidance zones associated with physical elements in the landscape do not take into account possible synergistic effects and, hence, actual field areas affected are likely to be minimum estimates. Implications of these findings for planning of wind farms in areas of conservation interest to geese are discussed.     

土壤风蚀采沙器的结构设计与性能试验研究

土壤风蚀是全球性土地退化的主要原因之一,也是世界上许多国家和地区的主要环境问题之一。为了准确认识和掌握风沙运动规律,有效指导防止风蚀措施的选择,该文研制了适用于野外采集风蚀土壤颗粒的采沙器,并在风洞内对其等动力性、高效率性及选择性进行了验证试验。试验结果表明：所研制的采沙器满足等动力特性要求;采集率为85.6％,可作为输沙量统一修订系数;采沙器更适用于采集以跃移形式运动的土壤颗粒。     

轮胎印迹识别及案例分析

轮胎印迹是轮胎在地面上滑动,摩擦生热,使轮胎橡胶产生塑性变形,并产生橡胶微粒,粘附于地面上形成的。事故现场的轮胎印迹分为三种：胎印、擦印和拖印。其中轮胎拖印是事故分析过程中最有价值的资料之一。它不仅反映了事故前后车辆的运动轨迹、轮胎状态、碰撞点的位置和制动措施,而且还可以根据印迹长度和形态分析车辆碰撞分离时刻的速度。     

大尺寸变螺距丝杠的数控加工

在数控车床上串联使用两套数控系统进行多坐标的联动控制,优化渐变螺距丝杠螺距拐点处的结构加工,实现渐变螺距丝杠的数控加工;通过实现刀具沿丝杠工件轴线的变速直线运动和丝杠工件的变速旋转运动,来进行匀变螺距丝杠数控加工,扩展了数控技术的应用和数控车床的加工范围。     

弧型齿残膜捡拾滚筒捡膜的机理

对弧型齿残膜清理滚筒捡膜齿的轴向排列、滚筒转速、捡膜齿运动轨迹和各相关参数进行分析研究,初步找出弧型捡膜齿满足要求的排列布置、滚筒转速和合理的入土深度,确定了残膜回收机具的运动参数λ范围,为残膜清理滚筒的设计提供了理论依据。试验表明,所设计的残膜回收机具运动参数是合理的,在保证膜土分离效果好和较高残膜捡拾率的前提下可显著提高工作效率。