The use of urban organic wastes in the control of erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean soil

Abstract. A two year field experiment was carried out in a semiarid Mediterranean area in order to evaluate, the effect on soil erosion of adding different urban organic wastes: a stabilized municipal waste (compost), an unstabilized municipal waste, and an aerobic sewage sludge. All the treatments significantly reduced soil erosion, compared to the control soil. The soil amended with compost was the most effective treatment, reducing soil loss by 94% and runoff by 54%.     

An evaluation of the pesera soil erosion model and its application to a case study in Zakynthos, Greece

Abstract. The Pan‐European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (pesera ) model was evaluated using existing soil erosion data collected under various types of climate, vegetation, landscape and soil conditions. The data used represent a variety of typical Mediterranean land uses such as winter wheat, vines, olives and bare, stony land prevailing in hilly areas. Using this data, the model was calibrated for sediment transport by overland flow and results compared to measured soil erosion values from runoff plots and a watershed on a monthly basis. The performance of the model was assessed statistically, showing that it can be satisfactorily used for predicting soil erosion rates under the conditions included in the study. The overall model estimate including all the available experimental data was 0.69 t ha^?1 yr^?1 with a maximum error of 1.49 t ha^?1 yr^?1. After validation, the model was applied to a small watershed (60 ha) of great ecological importance for the sea turtle Caretta caretta. For this purpose, soil and vegetation maps were compiled from all the necessary data for applying the model. The model was run for three years using daily data from an existing nearby meteorological station. The predicted and measured soil erosion rates for a 7‐month period were 0.31 t and 0.18 t, respectively. Application of the model to each mapping unit showed the over‐riding importance of land use for sediment generation under the given climatic conditions. Bare land, occupying 5.5% of the watershed area, generated up to 69% of the total sediments estimated for the watershed. It is concluded that the pesera model can be used as a regional diagnostic tool under a range of soil, topographic and climatic conditions for identifying the best land use type and vegetation cover to protect hilly areas from soil erosion. The calculated overall root mean square error for the model is 0.06 t ha^?1 yr^?1, compared to a soil erosion rate of 0.04 t ha^?1 yr^?1, which can be tolerated for protecting the area for the sea turtle.     

Re-defining tillage erosion: quantifying intensity–direction relationships for complex terrain

Abstract. Current tillage erosion models account for the influence of tillage direction in the magnitude of the soil (tillage) transport coefficient. It is argued here that this is counter-intuitive and causes significant problems in modelling tillage erosion in areas of complex terrain. This article examines whether a re-modelling of tillage erosion is possible that separates tillage direction (an interaction with the landform) from the soil transport coefficient (a measure of tillage intensity representing the combination of implement erosivity and soil erodibility). Experimental data for mouldboard ploughing upslope, downslope and cross-slope at Coombe Barton Farm, Devon are examined. Integration of data for all directions into a single relationship, which relates translocation in the direction of tillage to slope in the direction of tillage and translocation perpendicular to tillage to slope perpendicular to tillage, is not possible using previously published methods of analysis. However, when total translocation distance is regressed against the tangent of the slope at 45° to the tillage direction (bisecting the tillage direction and the direction of overturning) it is found that a single relationship can be used to describe tillage in all three directions. Therefore, this relationship is used to determine a single value of the soil transport coefficient ( k _fTa) for constant soil and implement conditions but different tillage directions. This redefinition of tillage is important both for true estimation of tillage erosion severity, the adirectional coefficient being 40% larger than the directional coefficient, and for modelling of tillage erosion in complex terrain. These improvements are vital when tillage erosion simulation is used to direct soil conservation strategies.     

Wind-mediated spread of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in irrigated rice crops

A study was carried out to demonstrate that Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), a virus known to be transmitted by beetles, can spread between rice plants by direct leaf contact caused by wind. Almost all healthy plants surrounding an infected plant became infected when exposed to a fan blowing for 15 min at a distance of 50 cm. Spread of RYMV by plant contact, mediated by wind, was also demonstrated in field experiments, the extent of spread depending on plant density. Infection was almost 10 times higher in plots with a density of 33 plants m⁻² than in plots with 16 plants m⁻². Less spread was observed in plots protected by 1·5 m high windscreens. It is suggested that wind-mediated spread of RYMV may result from abrasive contact between leaves of plants.     

颗粒浓度对文蛤、硬壳蛤和菲律宾蛤仔保留效率的影响

本研究通过在养殖水体中添加底泥或单胞藻调节悬浮颗粒浓度,研究了悬浮物数量浓度和质量浓度变化对文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)、硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)和菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)保留效率的影响。结果显示,文蛤、硬壳蛤及菲律宾蛤仔的保留效率分别在粒径为8、6和6 μm时达到最大值,分别为51.1%、59.6%和62.6%。随着数量浓度的增加,文蛤在低(4.32× 107 cells/L)、中(5.27×107 cells/L)、高(6.65×107 cells/L) 3个数量浓度下保留效率达到最大值时的最小粒径逐渐增大,分别为9、13和14 μm,保留效率最大值分别降至49.7%、33.4%和26.2%;与文蛤相似,菲律宾蛤仔保留效率达到最大值时的最小粒径也分别增大至9、12和14 μm,但最大保留值无明显变化;硬壳蛤保留效率的最大值保持不变,但达到最大值时的最小粒径略有增大,分别为8、9和10 μm。随质量浓度的增加,文蛤和菲律宾蛤仔在低(5.7 mg/L)、中(11.8 mg/L)、高(23.3 mg/L) 3个质量浓度下的保留效率最大值和达到最大值时的最小粒径均无明显变化;硬壳蛤保留效率最大值显著降低,分别为60.7%、27.6%和25.5%,但保留效率达到最大值时的最小粒径保持不变。研究表明,文蛤和菲律宾蛤仔的保留效率对食物颗粒数量浓度变化更敏感,而硬壳蛤的保留效率受质量浓度变化影响较大。     

胶州湾鱼类生物量粒径谱特征

为了解胶州湾海域鱼类群落粒径结构特征,本研究根据2016—2017年4次底拖网调查数据构建了胶州湾鱼类生物量粒径谱,比较分析了各季节鱼类生物量粒径谱特征参数的异质性。结果显示,胶州湾Sheldon型鱼类生物量粒径谱呈现单峰模式,鱼类粒径范围为-3～10粒径级,粒径分布相对均匀,且峰值位于5～6粒径级,主要由大泷六线鱼和褐菖鲉等小型鱼类构成。各季节鱼类标准化生物量粒径谱曲率和曲度差异显著,其中春季曲率最大且曲线较平缓,夏季曲率最小且曲线相对陡峭。谱线曲度和曲率的季节变化主要与粒径小的细纹狮子鱼、大泷六线鱼、玉筋鱼及长丝虾虎鱼等地方常栖性种类和赤鼻棱鳀、白姑鱼等季节洄游性种类的出现有关。Abundance-biomass comparison(ABC)曲线表明,春季处于未干扰状态,冬季处于中度干扰状态,夏秋季处于严重干扰状态。研究表明,胶州湾鱼类群落总体处于严重干扰状态,鱼类生物量谱呈现单峰型,粒径结构以小型粒径鱼类为主,且地方常栖性和季节洄游性鱼类等补充群体的数量和粒径大小影响鱼类生物量粒径谱的峰型和曲率。     

不同植被措施下排土场边坡细沟发育时空特征

为明确不同恢复年限植被措施对煤矿排土场边坡水土流失的防治效应,采用样方调查法,以内蒙古准格尔旗永利煤矿矿区排土场边坡为研究对象,以裸露边坡(CK)为对照,研究不同恢复年限(1a、3a、5 a)的沙柳方格+沙棘+沙打旺(SHA)和沙柳方格+沙打旺(SA)2种措施对细沟发育的影响。结果表明:(1)1a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在2～4 cm;3 a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度则集中分布在4～8 cm、8～12 cm、4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在4～6 cm;5 a时CK与SHA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在8～12 cm,而细沟深度则集中分布在4～6 cm和8～14 cm;(2)CK(1～5 a)、SHA措施(1～5 a)和SA措施(1～3 a)的细沟平均宽分别为7.57～11.35 cm、7.58～13.31 cm和5.57～6.14 cm,细沟平均深分别为3.38～6.23 cm、4.19～10.34 cm、2.59～4.24 cm,三者的细沟平均宽深比分别为2.39、2.12和2.05,平均细沟密度分别为1.52～5.25 m·m...     

东北黑土区冻融、风力、水力交互作用对坡面侵蚀的影响

多种外营力作用的复合侵蚀是东北黑土区坡耕地的主要侵蚀特征,但目前缺乏冻融、风力、水力之间相互作用对复合侵蚀影响的量化研究.基于此,采用室内冻融模拟、风洞试验和降雨模拟试验相结合的研究方法,分析了前期土壤冻融作用对土壤风蚀以及前期土壤冻融和风力叠加作用对后期坡面水蚀的影响.结果表明,前期土壤冻融作用显著增加了后期坡面的风...     

黑土坡耕地土壤流失形态分析——以一次降雨为例

以东北黑土区典型漫岗坡耕地为研究对象,测定次降雨条件下整个集水盆地出口处的径流体积及其含沙量,研究侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征、碳氮富集度以及可溶性养分的流失状况。结果表明,研究区只有在强降雨的情况下才会在集水盆地尺度上发生水土流失现象。20.5 mm降雨条件下(2006年8月1日)径流泥沙含量为1.0～2.5 g/L,泥沙C、N富集系数分别为2.10和3.31。径流液中DOC的浓度介于2.47～3.93 mg/L之间,TN浓度介于1.61～3.28 mg/L之间,径流携带养分量在整个养分流失过程中是不可忽视的流失途径。侵蚀泥沙(未加分散剂)的团聚体组成和原土壤有很大差异,径流泥沙的流失主要是粒径为0.053 mm以下的团聚体,尤其是0.002～0.02 mm的粉粒团聚体为主。     

我国北方强风蚀区空间分布格局及特征分析

我国北方强风蚀区是形成沙尘天气的主要区域,本文依据各风蚀区风速的大小、走向,自然地理条件,沙化土地现状及分布特点,将我国北方沙区分为古尔班通古特沙漠西北缘、天山东段—塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘、柴达木盆地西段、河西走廊—阿拉善、鄂尔多斯—乌拉特、浑善达克沙地东北部、内蒙古东部七个强风蚀区。同时从沙化土地、降水量、风速及大风日数、沙尘天气的发生等方面对强风蚀区空间分布格局及特征进行了分析。