饲用麦类作物的生物量积累和营养品质动态变化规律

为了探究饲用麦类作物生物量积累和营养品质动态变化规律,2016-2018年在华北平原的河北衡水测定了黑麦、冬性饲用小黑麦、冬小麦、粮饲兼用型小黑麦、燕麦、青稞和春性饲用小黑麦7类麦类作物从拔节期至蜡熟期的生长发育进程、生物量和营养成分含量动态变化。结果显示：黑麦、冬性饲用小黑麦、冬小麦和粮饲兼用型小黑麦一般在5月中下旬达到乳熟期,而燕麦、青稞和春性饲用小黑麦一般在6月上旬。7类麦类作物的平均生物量从拔节期的2.72×10³ kg·hm^-2增长到蜡熟期的10.19×10³ kg·hm^-2,其中冬性饲用小黑麦在各个生育期生物量均显著高于其他6类麦类作物（P<0.05）,较其他6类麦类作物平均提高61.4%。7类麦类作物的粗蛋白含量随着生育期进程逐渐降低,淀粉含量逐渐升高,酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量在开花期前逐渐升高,开花期后略有下降。采用Milk 2006综合评价7类麦类作物饲用品质显示,冬小麦从孕穗期后饲用品质优于其他6类麦类作物,吨干物质产奶量较其他6类麦类作物平均提高6.9%。综合生物量和饲用品质及生育期,冬性饲用小黑麦拔节期至蜡熟期hm²产奶量均显著高于其他6类麦类作物（P<0.05）,较其他6类麦类作物平均提高46.3%,综合表现好,适于在华北平原大面积推广种植。     

Evaluation of emmer wheat and other Triticeae for resistance to Russian wheat aphid

Summary During the winters of 1990/91 and 1991/92, 181 accessions of Triticum dicoccon Schrank from the CIMMYT gene-bank were screened in the field for resistance to Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov). Accessions were sown in hill plots of 10 seeds and artificially infested with D. noxia at the two-leaf growth stage. Hills were visually assessed for damage at tillering, booting and heading. Entries differed significantly in their reaction to D. noxia, and severity of symptoms increased with time. Twenty four of the entries were highly resistant to the aphid. In winter 1991/92, 807 accessions of wild and cultivated wheats (26 species) and synthetic hexaploids were screened similarly for resistance to D. noxia. A large number of A-genome species were resistant, while few D-genome species were identified as resistant. These newly discovered sources of resistance can be used to expand the genetic base of resistance to D. noxia in both bread (T. aestivum L.) and durum wheats (T. turgidum L. convar. durum (Desf.) Mackey).     

麦类作物萌发素及其相关蛋白研究进展

对萌发素的发现、作用、晶体结构、催化机理等方面的研究进行了回顾,并对其应用前景进行了展望.