兔出血症-巴氏杆菌病铝胶二联灭活苗的研制

筛选了具有良好免疫原性的兔瘟强毒株GMH881和兔巴氏杆菌C51-17株,研制出了兔出血症-巴氏杆菌二联铝胶灭活苗,对疫苗进行了免疫剂量、免疫产生期、兔出血症抗体测定、免疫保护期、保存期等试验;确定出二联铝胶苗免疫剂量1.0 mL;二联铝胶苗在免疫后7 d对兔病毒性出血症强毒的保护率达到100%,二联苗免疫后10～14 d对兔巴氏杆菌的保护率均达到75%以上;二联铝胶苗的兔病毒出血症抗体测定结果表明：二联铝胶苗免疫家兔后7 d,HI抗体均可达25.0,15 d明显上升,二联苗HI效价60～90 d达到最高峰,最高可达210,二联苗在120～180 d仍可维持在27.0～29.5水平。二联铝胶苗分别在免疫后4个月、6个月用兔出血症强毒攻击均产生100%保护,在6个月用2个MLD的兔巴氏杆菌攻击保护率可达70%以上,二联铝胶苗4～8℃条件下保护期暂定为1年,25℃条件下暂定为半年。     

氢氧化钠活化杉木屑制备活性炭的研究

采用杉木屑为原料,氢氧化钠为活化剂制备木质活性炭产品,探讨活化时间、活化温度、氢氧化钠浓度等工艺参数对木质活性炭的得率和吸附性能的影响.结果 表明,随活化温度、氢氧化钠浓度和活化时间的增大,木质活性炭的得率呈不断下降的趋势,木质活性炭的吸附性能呈先上升后下降的趋势.较优的工艺条件为:活化温度850℃、活化时间1.0h、...     

土壤养分有效性测定及其方法

在提出土壤养分有效性测定概念的基础上 ,本文对各种土壤养分有效性的测定方法进行了总结 ,讨论了这些方法的测定机理、测定效果及近几年的进展。这些方法包括用于磷钾等元素测定的树脂法、用于氮测定的生物培养法和化学提取法、磷测定的氧化铁试纸法和氢氧化铁透析管法和钾的四苯硼钠法     

Response of Soil and Plant to Boron-Doped Aluminum Hydroxide

The aims of this work are to test whether boron (B) may alleviate soil acidification and aluminum (Al) phytotoxicity to rape (Brassica napus L.) in acidic soil. The Al hydroxide that reacted with borax was called ad-B-Al hydroxide. Point of zero charge (PZC) of Al hydroxide (pH 4.86) was greater than that of ad-B-Al hydroxide (pH 4.68). Compared with the control, ad-B-Al hydroxide raised the soil pH significantly by 0.10 pH units. Rape was planted in the control soil, the soil treated with Al hydroxide, and the soil treated with ad-B-Al hydroxide. It was found that the B content of the soil and rape seedlings grown on the soil treated with ad-B-Al hydroxide was greater than the others. Biomass production of rape seedlings grown in the soil treated with ad-B-Al hydroxide was significantly increased compared to that in the others. These demonstrated that ad-B-Al hydroxide can be an important source of B for plants and alleviate acidity of acidic soils because it can decrease exchangeable acid and Al toxicity in soil significantly.     

Adjustment of soil-surface pH and comparison with conventional fungicide treatments for control of lettuce drop (Sclerotinia minor)

The use of soil-surface applications of finely powdered calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) to inhibit Sclerotinia minor sclerotial germination and infection at the collar region of lettuce plants is described. In the laboratory, a pH > 8·0 reduced sclerotial germination of the three S. minor isolates tested. In the glasshouse, surface applications of 2–10 t Ca(OH)₂ ha⁻¹ raised the pH of the top 1–2 cm of a duplex sandy loam soil above 8·5 for at least 8 weeks without affecting soil pH within the transplant root zone. There was a linear relationship between the rate of Ca(OH)₂ applied and disease control, with complete disease suppression at 10 t Ca(OH)₂ ha⁻¹. In field trials on two soil types (duplex sandy loam, pH 6·0; and red ferrosol, pH 6·9), a rate of 2·5 t Ca(OH)₂ ha⁻¹, maintained soil-surface pH above 8·5 for 1–3 weeks and provided up to 58% reduction in lettuce drop. Application of polyvinyl alcohol (a soil-conditioning polymer) over the Ca(OH)₂ layer appeared to reduce Ca(OH)₂ loss by wind, but did not improve retention of raised soil-surface pH or disease suppression. Ca(OH)₂ treatment gave similar disease control to the industry standard treatment of a procymidone-based fungicide seedling drench. A combined treatment of Ca(OH)₂ and fungicide drench gave greater control than either individual treatment, and equivalent control to fungicide drench and three procymidone foliar sprays, offering integrated management options. The use of soil-surface-applied Ca(OH)₂ with fungicides, rotation and drip irrigation offers an opportunity for enhanced and sustainable control of lettuce drop.     

NaOH溶液脱绒对白羊草种子活力的影响

[目的] 探究NaOH溶液脱绒处理对白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemum）种子活力的影响,为机械化播种提供便利条件。[方法] 分别利用浓度为10%、20%、30%、40%、50%（W/V）的NaOH溶液对白羊草种子进行脱绒处理0（CK）、1、5、10、15 min,分析其对发芽率（Gp）、发芽指数（Gi）、平均发芽时间（MGT）、幼苗活力指数（SVI）的影响,筛选白羊草种子NaOH溶液脱绒的最佳条件。[结果] NaOH溶液浓度及处理时间均对白羊草种子活力具有极显著（P<0.01）影响。相同处理时间下,白羊草种子脱绒1~10 min后Gp、Gi随NaOH溶液浓度的增加而增加,脱绒1 min和10 min后SVI随着NaOH溶液浓度的增加而增加,脱绒5 min后SVI随NaOH溶液浓度的增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,脱绒15 min时Gp、Gi和SVI随NaOH溶液浓度的增加呈先升后降的趋势;在20%~50%的NaOH溶液浓度下,脱绒后白羊草种子Gp、Gi和SVI随处理时间的增加呈先升后降的趋势。经NaOH溶液脱绒处理后白羊草种子的MGT均高于CK。[结论] 适宜浓度的NaOH溶液浸种能有效脱去白羊草种子表面的绒毛,提高白羊草种子的活力。浓度为50%的NaOH溶液浸种5 min对白羊草种子活力的促进效果最好。     

乳制品中金黄色葡萄球菌PCR快速检测方法的建立

为快速检测乳制品中的金黄色葡萄球菌,本研究将纳米氢氧化钛和纳米氢氧化锆固定在滤纸片上以去除PCR反应抑制因子,并以Nuc为靶基因,建立一种无需样品前增菌的PCR快速检测方法,同时确定该方法的特异性、灵敏度和实用性,并评估该方法所用试剂在冷冻保存条件下的稳定性与实用性。结果表明,该PCR快速检测方法在检测97株目标菌及83株非目标菌后未出现假阳性或假阴性结果;该方法无需增菌处理,可在4 h内完成检测,检测限为10¹ CFU·25 g^-1或10¹ CFU·25 mL^-1;该方法与传统检测方法在实际乳制品样品中金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率及活菌检测率均一致(符合率100%);此外,该检测方法所用试剂在-20℃冷冻条件下可稳定保存至少12个月。综上所述,本研究建立的PCR快速检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高,且实用性良好,能有效去除样品基质中的PCR反应抑制因子,为乳制品中金黄色葡萄球菌的快速检测提供了参考依据。     

水化氯铝酸钙与传统钝化剂降低土壤镉生态及健康风险的对比研究

针对红壤、棕壤、褐土、黑土4种中国典型的Cd污染土壤,应用Ca(OH)2、Ca(H2PO4)2以及层状双金属氢氧化物（Layered Double Hydroxides,LDHs）、水化氯铝酸钙（CaAl-Cl LDH）开展钝化修复,并从土壤Cd的生态风险和健康风险角度进行修复效果对比研究。分析钝化剂对土壤pH值、土壤Cd的赋存形态以及土壤Cd直接经口摄入的生物可给性的影响,并对修复机理进行深入探究。结果表明,在Ca(OH)2、Ca(H2PO4)2和CaAl-Cl LDH各自相对最优施用量下,3种钝化剂均可显著降低土壤Cd的活性系数（P<0.05）,平均降幅分别为16.1%、56.9%和29.2%,可降低土壤Cd的作物吸收量及Cd对周边生态环境的风险。此外,施用CaAl-Cl LDH能显著且更为有效地降低土壤Cd的生物可给性（P<0.05）及Cd对人体的健康风险,在胃和小肠阶段的平均降幅为19.2%和33.0%,其中胃阶段分别达到施用Ca(OH)2和Ca(H2PO4)2的3.11和1.99倍,小肠阶段为5.99和2.72倍。该研究为Cd污染土壤钝化修复剂的开发、改进和选择提供了科学依据和参考。     

脂溶性有机锡杀螨剂的合成路线改进

报道了一类有机锡杀螨剂O，O－二烃基二硫代磷酸三环已基锡酯的制备方法，即以三环己基氢氧化为起始原料，与O，O－二烃基二硫代磷酸反应即可制得，它们能溶于大多数有机溶剂，因而可被制成乳油剂型。     

NaOH固态化学预处理对麦秸沼气发酵效率的影响研究

采用NaOH对麦秸进行固态化学预处理以提高麦秸的厌氧消化效率和产气量,并对不同负荷率下麦秸的产气情况进行了试验研究。结果表明,经4%～10%（以麦秸干重计）NaOH预处理过的麦秸的总产气量、单位TS产气量、TS和VS去除率显著提高,厌氧消化时间最大可缩短22d。其中,经6%NaOH预处理后的麦秸在65g·L^-1负荷率下的单位TS产气量最高,为380.9mL·g^-1,与未处理麦秸相比,提高了49.9%,厌氧消化时间缩短了19d。说明NaOH固态化学预处理是一种提高麦秸厌氧消化效率和产气量的有效方法。